This article is about the consumer computer operating system shell released in 1992. For the version of Windows NT released in 1993, see Windows NT 3.1.
Windows 3.1 is a major release of Microsoft Windows. It was released to manufacturing on April 6, 1992, as a successor to Windows 3.0. Like its predecessors, the Windows 3.1 series run as a shell on top of MS-DOS; it was the last Windows 16-bit operating environment as all future versions of Windows had moved to 32-bit.
Windows 3.1
| Version of the Microsoft Windows operating system | |
|
Screenshot of Windows for Workgroups 3.11 |
|
| Developer | Microsoft |
|---|---|
| OS family | Microsoft Windows |
| Source model | Closed source |
| Released to manufacturing |
April 6, 1992; 33 years ago |
| Latest release | 3.11 / November 8, 1993; 31 years ago |
| License | Commercial software |
| Preceded by | Windows 3.0 (1990) |
| Succeeded by |
|
| Support status | |
| Retail | Unsupported as of December 31, 2001 |
| WFW 3.11 embedded | Unsupported as of November 1, 2008 |
Windows 3.1 introduced the TrueType font system as a competitor to Adobe Type Manager. Its multimedia was also expanded, and screensavers were introduced, alongside new software such as Windows Media Player and Sound Recorder. File Manager and Control Panel received tweaks, while Windows 3.1 also saw the introduction of the Windows Registry and add-ons, and it could utilize more memory than its predecessors.
Microsoft also released special versions of Windows 3.1 throughout 1992 and 1993; in Europe and Japan, Windows 3.1 was introduced with more language support, while Tandy Video Information System received a special version, called Modular Windows. In November 1993, Windows 3.11 was released as a minor update, while Windows 3.2 was released as a Simplified Chinese version of Windows 3.1.[a] Microsoft also introduced Windows for Workgroups, the first version of Windows to allow integrated networking. Mostly oriented towards businesses, it received network improvements and it allowed users to share files, use print servers, and chat online, while it also introduced peer-to-peer networking.
The series is considered to be an improvement on its predecessors. It was praised for its reinvigoration of the user interface and technical design. Windows 3.1 sold over three million copies during the first three months of its release, although its counterpart Windows for Workgroups was noted as a «business disappointment» due to its small amount of sold copies. It was succeeded by Windows 95, and Microsoft ended the support for Windows 3.1 series on December 31, 2001, except for the embedded version, which was retired in 2008.
Windows 3.0, the predecessor of 3.1, was released in 1990, and is considered to be the first version of Windows to receive critical acclaim.[2][3] Windows 3.0 received around 10 million sales before the release of Windows 3.1 on April 6, 1992.[2][4] Microsoft began a television advertising campaign for the first time on March 1, 1992. The advertisements, developed by Ogilvy & Mather, were designed to introduce a broader audience to Windows.[5]
Like its predecessors, the operating environment runs as a shell on top of MS-DOS, although it does not include the MS-DOS Executive shell.[4][6][7]: 3 After the introduction of Windows 1.0, Microsoft had worked on gaining support from companies to expand its operating environment on different types of PCs.[4] Tandy Corporation was open to shipping Tandy Sensation PCs with the Windows 3.1 operating environment.[4][8] IBM and its PCs were also provided with Windows 3.1.[9]
Release versions and features
edit
Further enhancements were introduced in Windows 3.1. The TrueType font system was introduced to provide scalable fonts to Windows applications, without having to resort on using third-party technology such as Adobe Type Manager (ATM).[4][10] Windows 3.1 introduced Arial, Courier New, and Times New Roman fonts, in regular, bold, italic, and bold-italic versions, which could be scaled to any size and rotated, depending on the application.[11][12]
To improve user interaction, Microsoft initiated warning and event sounds, and introduced computer command shortcuts for copy, cut, and paste. Windows 3.1 is also noted for its improvement of multimedia; screensavers, Windows Media Player, and Sound Recorder were introduced into the operating environment.[4] These features were already present on the Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions version, although they were only available to users with newly bought PCs. The Media Player could play MIDI music files and AVI video files, while the Sound Recorder could play, record, and edit sound files that were affiliated with the WAV format.[4][13]: 21 Minesweeper was officially introduced in Windows 3.1 as a replacement for Reversi, alongside Solitaire.[4][14][15] MS-DOS programs were previously not able to be controlled with a mouse; this ended up being introduced in Windows 3.1.[14] Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) was added to allow drag-and-drop embedding of images and formatted text between Windows programs.[16][17] SVGA color support was also introduced in this version.[9]
File Manager had also received tweaks; split view-mode was introduced, users were now able to browse files without having to open separate windows, while files were able to be dragged and dropped to other locations on the system.[18]: 11 An option for quick formatting was introduced to format floppy disks and copy its files without having to quit Windows.[13]: 19 File Manager is an MDI application that is used for moving, deleting, and managing files on the system.[6] Microsoft also built Microsoft Bob, a utility that would act as a search assistant, on Windows 3.1, only for it to be released on Windows 95 in 1995.[19][20] The introduction of Windows Registry, a centralized database that could store configuration information and settings for various operating systems components and applications, also occurred in this version.[4][12] The Control Panel also received changes; its items were now hard-coded, and additional items could be added by placing additional .cpl files.[4][6] Similarly, the Calendar uses the .cal extension.[21]: 154 Printer management tasks were moved over to Control Panel and Print Manager. Several printer drivers were improved in Windows 3.1, making the Print Manager more efficient to use.[13]: 20 Windows 3.1 also includes troubleshooting and diagnostic tools such as the Dr. Watson utility which saves information about application errors, and Microsoft Diagnostics.[22][23]
Windows 3.1 also includes add-ons; Video for Windows was introduced in November 1992 as a reaction to Apple’s QuickTime technology.[24] At the price of $200, the software included editing and encoding programs.[25][26] It was later built into Windows 95.[27] Microsoft also published Windows for Pen Computing, a pen computing interface which was created in response to PenPoint OS by GO Corporation.[28][29] The operating environment was also given limited compatibility with the then-new 32-bit Windows API, by introducing Win32s, an enabling technology.[30] Microsoft also provided WinG, an application program interface, to entice developers to move from DOS to Windows.[31] It also provided a device-independent interface to graphics and printer hardware, and allowed programs to have both read and write capabilities to the WinGDC.[32]
Unlike all previous versions, Windows 3.1 could not run in real mode and it insisted on the use of 80286 processors or above. Because of this, the maximum memory available was increased.[12][33] While Windows 3.0 was limited to 16 MB maximum memory, Windows 3.1 could access a theoretical 4 GB in the 386 enhanced mode. The actual practical ceiling is 256 MB.[34] Like its predecessors, it runs as a 16-bit system; Windows 3.1 is also the last Windows to run in 16-bit mode.[17][35] It is also the first Windows to be distributed on a CD-ROM.[12][14] The setup interface was simplified; express mode was introduced to automatically set up Windows.[13]: 22 Windows 3.1 also includes an online tutorial applet for users regarding the use of the Windows 3.1 user interface.[13]: 20 In addition it supported the Advanced Power Management standard.[36]
Windows 3.1 for Central and Eastern Europe
edit
A special version named «Windows 3.1 for Central and Eastern Europe» introduced eleven languages to Windows 3.1.[37] It also provided support for the Cyrillic script.[38] To use Czech, Hungarian, and Polish terminologies this version was required, while to use Russian terminologies a Russian version of Windows 3.1 was needed.[39] Similarly, Microsoft also released Windows 3.1J with support for Japanese, which shipped 1.46 million copies in its first year on the market (1993) in Japan.[40]
Modular Windows was built for real-time consumer electronics, and was designed to be controlled via television.[41][42] It was a special version of Windows 3.1, which was designed to run on Tandy Video Information System; it allowed users to run multimedia software without having to buy a personal computer.[43][44] It also contained a software development kit (SDK) for programmers to write applications that would run on devices that have Modular Windows. The SDK was sold for $99.[45] Modular Windows was discontinued in 1994.[46]
Released on November 8, 1993, Windows 3.11 was introduced with fixes for network problems which were present on Windows 3.1.[47] As a minor update, new features were not present in this version. It also did not run on IBM’s OS/2 for Windows.[48][49] Windows 3.11 allowed users to connect to each other as peers to share the resources of their computers.[50] Microsoft replaced all retail and OEM versions of Windows 3.1 with Windows 3.11 and provided a free upgrade to anyone who owned Windows 3.1.[47]
An updated Simplified Chinese version of Windows 3.1 was released in November 1993, as Windows 3.2.[51][52] The update was limited to this language version, as it only fixed issues related to the complex input system for the Simplified Chinese language.[51] A font editor is present in Windows 3.2; it is used to add new Chinese characters to the already-existing fonts.[53]
Windows for Workgroups
edit
Windows for Workgroups served as an update to Windows 3.1, and it was the first version of Windows that was suitable for integrated networking.[54][55] Initially developed as an add-on for Windows 3.0, it was later released in 1992. It introduced drivers and protocols for peer-to-peer networking.[56] Windows for Workgroups was mostly oriented towards businesses.[4]
Windows for Workgroups 3.1
edit
The first version of Windows for Workgroups, 3.1, was released on October 27, 1992.[57] Codenamed Winball and Sparta, it allows users to share files, use print servers, and chat online; files could be accessed from other machines that run either Windows or DOS.[58] The Microsoft Hearts card game was also added, while Object Linking and Embedding, which was implemented in Windows 3.1, was also included in the Windows for Workgroups version.[59][60] The Workgroups version also introduced the Microsoft Mail program, which allowed users to receive and send email, and Microsoft Schedule+, a time management app.[58][59]
Windows for Workgroups could also be accessed from an OS/2 client that uses the Server Message Block (SMB), a protocol used for sharing files and printers over local networks.[61][62] It introduced support for the NetBEUI protocol.[63] The price sat at $69 for Windows 3.1 users.[64]
Windows for Workgroups 3.11
edit
The other version, Windows for Workgroups 3.11, was released on November 8, 1993.[65][66] It was codenamed Snowball, and it introduced support for 32-bit file access, drive sharing, and group calendaring.[67][68] It also has built-in fax capabilities.[69]
It received network improvements; a Winsock package was released for Windows for Workgroups, although it was later replaced by a 32-bit stack add-on package (codenamed Wolverine) that provided TCP/IP support in Windows for Workgroups 3.11.[70][71][72] Its connectivity with NetWare networks was increased, while it also introduced support for Open Data-Link Interface cards and Internetwork Packet Exchange drivers. Remote access service was introduced as a product for users to remotely access Windows NT and its Advanced Server networks.[69]
It runs in 80386 enhanced mode, and it supports the use of network redirectors.[54]: 56 [73] It was sold in two versions; the complete package cost $219 while the «Workgroup Add-on for Windows» cost $69.[68]
The official system requirements for Windows 3.1 and subsequent versions include the following:
Minimum system requirements
| Windows 3.1[7]: 18–24 [13]: 13 | Modular Windows[74] | Windows for Workgroups[75]: xviii–xix | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CPU | 80286 processor for standard mode, 80386 for enhanced mode | 80386 processor | 386SX processor |
| RAM | 1 MB of memory (640 KB of conventional memory) | 4 MB of memory | 3 MB of memory (640 KB of conventional memory) |
| Storage | A hard disk with at least 6.5 MB of free space (8 MB for enhanced mode users), and at least one floppy disk drive | A hard disk with at least 20 MB of free space | A hard disk with at least 8 MB of free space (14 MB needed for a complete installation), and at least one floppy disk drive |
| Video | VGA adapter | VGA-NTSC adapter | VGA adapter |
| Network | Optional hardware includes a Hayes, MultiTech, TrailBlazer, or any other compatible modem if user wants to connect to a network | An adapter card with Network Device Interface Specification (NDIS) driver, optional hardware includes a Hayes, MultiTech, TrailBlazer, or any other compatible modem | |
| OS | MS-DOS 3.1 | MS-DOS 3.22 and Windows 3.1 | MS-DOS 3.3 (computers that act as servers require MS-DOS 5.0 or higher) |
| Mouse | A Microsoft-compatible pointing device is recommended, but not required |
To use a printer or to run Windows on a network, additional 2.5 MB of free space will be needed on the hard drive.[7]: 19 The amount of RAM is dependent on software that runs on the PC; if the user is on the network and if the network requires a lot of memory, more RAM will be needed.[7]: 21 Windows 3.1 includes more drivers for printers than its predecessor.[7]: 25 It is also possible to connect to a network using Windows 3.1 via Hayes, Multi-Tech, or Trail Blazer modems.[7]: 26 [13]: 14
Windows 3.1 is considered to be more stable and multimedia-friendly in comparison with its predecessor, while its user interface was reinvigorated.[33] It has been shown as an improvement, and it possesses more features in comparison with its rival IBM OS/2 2.0, which launched a month earlier than Windows 3.1.[4] InfoWorld rated the operating environment a «very good» value.[76] PC said in 1994 that small-business accounting software for Windows had substantially fewer features than DOS counterparts. «A potentially serious problem with all Windows applications, accounting packages included», the magazine added, was «the frequency of system crashes—especially when running several applications simultaneously».[77]
Windows for Workgroups received lukewarm reception; it has been praised for its technical design, but it has been also noted as a «business disappointment» due to its small amount of sold copies.[78]
Regarding the marketplace, Windows 3.1 had received an enthusiastic reception; its retail price sat at $149, and over three million copies of Windows 3.1 were sold in the first three months.[9][79][80] The year of Windows 3.1’s release was successful for Microsoft, which was named the «Most Innovative Company Operating in the U.S.» by Fortune magazine, while Windows became the most widely used GUI-based operating environment.[81]
Microsoft ended its support for Windows 3.1 and Windows for Workgroups on December 31, 2001, although the embedded version of Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was retired on November 1, 2008.[82][83][84] The operating environment was superseded by Windows NT 3.1, which was released in 1993, and Windows 95 in 1995.[85][86]
DR-DOS compatibility
edit
The installer of the beta release used code that checked whether it was running on Microsoft-licensed DOS or another DOS operating system, such as DR-DOS.[87] It was known as AARD code, and Microsoft disabled it before the final release of Windows 3.1, though without removing it altogether.[88] Digital Research, who owned DR-DOS, released a patch within weeks to allow the installer to continue.[89] Memos that were released during the United States v. Microsoft Corp. antitrust case in 1999 revealed that Microsoft specifically focused it on DR-DOS.[90] When Caldera bought DR-DOS from Novell, they brought a lawsuit against Microsoft over the AARD code, which was later settled with Microsoft paying $280 million.[91][92]
Windows 3.1 found a niche market as an embedded operating system after becoming obsolete in the PC world. By 2008, both Virgin Atlantic and Qantas employed it for some of the onboard entertainment systems on long-distance jets. It also sees continued use as an embedded OS in retail cash tills.[93] On July 14, 2013, Linux kernel version 3.11 was officially named «Linux for Workgroups» as a tongue-in-cheek reference to Windows for Workgroups 3.11.[94]
In November 2015, the failure of a Windows 3.1 system in Orly Airport in Paris, which was responsible for communicating visual range information in foggy weather to pilots, made operations temporarily cease. Whether the failure was hardware- or software-based is not specified, though the highlighting of the operating system suggests a software failure.[95][96] In 2016, the Internet Archive organization released Windows 3.1 as an emulated environment in a web browser.[97]
In January 2024, German state-owned national railway company Deutsche Bahn posted a job listing for a system administrator with «knowledge of legacy operating systems». The main responsibilities listed in the post were maintenance of the old system and driver updates. The need for the continued use of Windows 3.11 could apparently be traced back to Siemens’ SIBAS (Siemens Bahn Automatisierungs System) automation system used to control trains. The job post was retracted due to «unfortunate wording».[98][99]
- History of Microsoft Windows
- Windows NT, the technology behind its successor Windows NT 3.1
- Windows 9x, the technology behind its successor Windows 95
- ^ Collectively, these versions of Windows 3.1 are known as Windows 3.1x.[1]
- ^ Collin, S. M. H. (1997). Dictionary of Personal Computing and the Internet. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-57958-016-2.
- ^ a b Lendino, Jamie (November 20, 2015). «Microsoft Windows turns 30: A brief retrospective». ExtremeTech. Archived from the original on December 23, 2019. Retrieved December 22, 2019.
- ^ Fitzpatrick, Alec (November 20, 2014). «It Took Microsoft 3 Tries Before Windows Was Successful». Time. Retrieved September 23, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Edwards, Benj (April 6, 2022). «Windows 3.1 Turns 30: Here’s How It Made Windows Essential». How-To Geek. Archived from the original on June 23, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ «Microsoft History 1992». Microsoft. Archived from the original on October 17, 1996. Retrieved September 4, 2009. Internet Archive
- ^ a b c Lineback, Nathan. «Windows 3.1». ToastyTech. Archived from the original on October 7, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Mullen, Robert (1992). Windows 3.1 revealed. Paul Hoffman, Barrie A. Sosinsky (1 ed.). Carmel, Ind.: SAMS. ISBN 978-0-672-30192-6. OCLC 25808566. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Reinhardt, Andy (March 1994). «Building The Data High Way». BYTE. Archived from the original on December 21, 1996. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ a b c «Microsoft Releases Windows 3.1». Computer History Museum. April 6, 2022. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ «Visual tour: 25 years of Windows». Computerworld. November 19, 2010. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
Windows 3.1 introduced TrueType fonts
- ^ Edson, Kate (March 1993). «Windows 3.1 and TrueType Fonts». PC Update. Archived from the original on May 11, 2002. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
- ^ a b c d Corrigan, Hope (April 11, 2022). «Happy birthday, Windows 3.1». PC Gamer. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g Getting Started with Microsoft Windows: For the Microsoft Windows Operating System. Microsoft Corporation. 1991.
- ^ a b c Gibbs, Samuel (October 2, 2014). «From Windows 1 to Windows 10: 29 years of Windows evolution». The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 14, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ «Beyond Tetris – Minesweeper». Game Set Watch. February 26, 2007. Archived from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ Edwards, Benj (April 6, 2017). «Windows 3.1: Twenty-five years later, it’s still a Microsoft milestone». PCWorld. Archived from the original on April 21, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ a b «Definition of Windows 3.1». PC Magazine. Archived from the original on June 15, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Livingston, Brian (1993). More Windows 3.1 Secrets. San Mateo, CA: UDG Books Worldwide. ISBN 978-1-56884-019-2.
- ^ Loguidice, Bill (2014). Vintage game consoles : an inside look at Apple, Atari, Commodore, Nintendo, and the greatest gaming platforms of all time. Matt Barton. Burlington, MA: Focal Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-1-135-00651-8. OCLC 874011835. Archived from the original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Winter, Max (2016). Powering up a career in artificial intelligence. New York. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-4994-6089-6. OCLC 896127131. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Harrison, Mark; McLennan, Michael (1998). Effective Tcl/Tk Programming: Writing Better Programs with Tcl and Tck. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-63474-7.
- ^ Livingston, Brian (April 6, 1992). «New and improved, finally». InfoWorld. Vol. 14. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 61. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Norton, Peter (1993). Peter Norton’s user’s guide to Windows 3.1. Peter Kent. New York: Bantam Books. p. 563. ISBN 978-0-553-37148-2. OCLC 27301277. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Damore, Kelley; Corcoran, Cate (November 16, 1992). «VFW to spark multimedia ground swell». InfoWorld. Vol. 14. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 12. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Quain, John (January 12, 1993). «Microsoft Goes Hollywood With Video for Windows». PC Magazine. Vol. 12. Ziff Davis, Inc. p. 38. ISSN 0888-8507. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Waggoner, Ben (2010). Compression for great video and audio: master tips and common sense. Ben Waggoner (2 ed.). Burlington, MA: Focal Press. p. 503. ISBN 978-0-240-81213-7. OCLC 500579083. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Bolante, Antony (2002). Adobe After Effects 5: for Macintosh and Windows. Berkeley, CA: Peachpit. p. 577. ISBN 978-0-201-75043-0. OCLC 46944932. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Cowart, Robert (2008). Special edition using Microsoft Windows Vista. Brian Knittel (2 ed.). Indianapolis, Ind.: Que. p. 1356. ISBN 978-0-7686-8258-8. OCLC 297575769. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Eller, Marlin; Edstrom, Jennifer (1998). Barbarians Led by Bill Gates. Owl Books. p. 132.
- ^ «Thinking: Running 32-bit Apps Without NT». PC Magazine. Vol. 12. Ziff Davis, Inc. June 15, 1993. p. 42. ISSN 0888-8507. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Raskin, Robin (August 1995). «Pity the Poor Developer». PC Magazine. Vol. 14. Ziff Davis, Inc. p. 30. ISSN 0888-8507. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Hecker, Chris (June 1, 1997). «A Whirlwind Tour of WinG». Gamasutra. Archived from the original on February 27, 2008. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
- ^ a b Speed, Richard (April 7, 2022). «Windows 3.1 is 30 years old today». The Register. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved April 20, 2022.
- ^ «Windows 3.1 Memory Limits». Windows Support. Microsoft. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015.
- ^ «Definition of Windows versions». PC Magazine. Retrieved May 14, 2023.
- ^ Intel Corporation, «NewsBit: Microsoft, Intel Develop Power Standard», Microcomputer Solutions, March/April 1992, page 1
- ^ «Software-industry report». University of Minnesota: Computer Age. 1991. p. 2.
- ^ «Chamber World Reports». Indiana University: Chamber World Network. 1994. p. 75.
- ^ Tresman, Ian (1994). The multilingual PC directory : a guide to multilingual and foreign language products for IBM PCs and compatibles (2 ed.). Borehamwood, Herts., U.K.: Knowledge Computing. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-873091-02-9. OCLC 28939377. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Kouyoumdjian, Virginia (August 1994). «DOS/V, Windows, Prices, and the Future…» Computing Japan. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
- ^ «Definition of Modular Windows». PC Magazine. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Dillon, Patrick M. (1998). Multimedia and the Web from A to Z. David C. Leonard, Patrick M. Dillon (2 ed.). Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-585-06371-3. OCLC 43802985. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Venditto, Gus (November 24, 1992). «Windows Takes Root in Hardware». PC Magazine. Vol. 11. Ziff Davis, Inc. p. 30. ISSN 0888-8507. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 2, 2022.
- ^ Hammett, Jim (August 31, 1992). «Tandy multimedia system to run Modular Windows». InfoWorld. Vol. 14. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 6. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Johnson, Stuart (December 7, 1992). «Microsoft to ship Modular Windows development kit». InfoWorld. Vol. 14. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 21. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Entrepreneurship, innovation, and platforms. Jeffrey L. Furman, Annabelle Gawer, Brian S. Silverman, Scott Stern (1 ed.). Bingley, UK. 2017. p. 288. ISBN 978-1-78743-079-2. OCLC 1004377946.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b Shinder, Thomas W. (2003). MCSA/MCSE managing and maintaining a Windows server 2003 environment : exam 70–290 study guide and DVD training. Debra Shinder Littlejohn, Jeffrey A. Martin. [Rockland, Mass.]: Syngress. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-08-047925-5. OCLC 55664320. Archived from the original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Bajpai, S. K. (2008). Introduction to computers and c programming. [Place of publication not identified]: New Age International Pvt. p. 97. ISBN 978-81-224-1379-3. OCLC 946267708.
- ^ Barney, Doug (March 7, 1994). «MS OSes hit by compatibility woes». InfoWorld. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 10. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Shapiro, Jeffrey R. (2008). Windows server 2008 bible. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-470-39969-9. OCLC 608623176.
- ^ a b «Microsoft Windows Simplified Chinese 3.2 Upgrade Is Available». Microsoft. October 30, 2003. Archived from the original on November 8, 2006.
- ^ Haldar, Sinbsankar (2016). Operating Systems (Self Edition 1.1. Abridged). p. 688.
- ^ Lineback, Nathan. «Windows 3.2 (Chinese Windows)». ToastyTech. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ a b Tomsho, Greg (2020). Guide to Operating Systems. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-357-43396-6. OCLC 1202601191.
- ^ Petersen, Julie K. (2002). The telecommunications illustrated dictionary. Julie K. Petersen (2 ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. p. 992. ISBN 978-0-8493-1173-4. OCLC 51169186.
- ^ «A Brief History of Microsoft Windows». InformIT. August 3, 2009. p. 3. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ «Windows for Workgroups Version History». Microsoft. November 14, 2003. Archived from the original on November 7, 2006. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
- ^ a b Das, Sudipto (2010). A complete guide to computer fundamentals (1 ed.). New Delhi, India: Laxmi Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 69. ISBN 978-81-318-0550-3. OCLC 913009741.
- ^ a b Johnston, Stuart (May 18, 1992). «Windows to boost data sharing». InfoWorld. Vol. 14. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 39. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Foster, Ed (January 25, 1993). «Put name-game hype aside and WFW is just a network». InfoWorld. Vol. 15. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 43. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Chapin, Rod (August 15, 1994). «Windows for Workgroups moves faster in 32-bit mode, but it’s no panacea». InfoWorld. Vol. 16. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 65. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Kroah-Hartman, Greg (2006). Linux kernel in a nutshell. Sebastopol, Calif.: O’Reilly. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-596-51540-9. OCLC 85872757.
- ^ Morphet, John (1995). Windows on the Internet: The Complete Toolchest. University of Michigan: McGraw-Hill. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-07-912173-8.
- ^ Willett, Shawn (November 2, 1992). «WFW tempts at $69; bundles to come». InfoWorld. Vol. 14. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 103. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Peter H. Lewis (October 18, 1992). «Ever Expanding, Microsoft Readies a Network Windows». The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 22, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
- ^ «Windows history». PC Museum. June 17, 2002. Archived from the original on March 16, 2012. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
- ^ Lindquist, Christopher (July 26, 1993). «Microsoft, get it together». Computerworld. IDG Enterprise. p. 39. ISSN 0010-4841. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ a b Derfler, Frank Jr.; Ringey, Steve (January 11, 1994). «Windows for Workgroups 3.11: The Best Windows for All?». PC Magazine. Vol. 13. Ziff Davis, Inc. p. 38. ISSN 0888-8507. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ a b Burns, Christine (October 11, 1993). «Microsoft releases details of Windows for Workgroups 3.11». Network World. Vol. 10. IDG Network World Inc. p. 20. ISSN 0887-7661. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Watt, Peggy (March 6, 1995). «Group extends WinSock spec to include IPX, DECnet and OSI». Network World. Vol. 12. IDG Network World Inc. p. 8. ISSN 0887-7661. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Noss, John (January 2, 1995). «More bang for the buck». InfoWorld. Vol. 16–17. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 51. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Diamond, Joel (January 30, 1995). «Giving Windows for Workgroups a workout». Network World. Vol. 12. IDG Network World Inc. p. 19. ISSN 0887-7661. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Microsoft Windows for Workgroups Resource Kit. Microsoft Corporation. 1992. p. 17.
- ^ Microsoft Modular Windows Software Development Kit. Microsoft Corporation. 1992. pp. 10–11.
- ^ Borland, Russell; Lorenz, Lori; O’Mara, Michael (1993). Windows for Workgroups Companion. University of California: Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-1-55615-508-6.
- ^ Gookin, Dan (June 8, 1992). «Windows 3.1 vs. OS/2 2.0». InfoWorld. Vol. 14. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 72. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ White, Thomas; Yakal, Kathy (January 25, 1994). «Windows of Opportunity». PC Magazine. Vol. 13, no. 2. pp. 193–235. Retrieved May 3, 2025.
- ^ Paul, Fredric (July 19, 1993). «Reworking Windows for Workgroups». Network World. Vol. 10. IDG Network World Inc. p. 4. ISSN 0887-7661. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Gibson, Steve (June 8, 1992). «Readers help give ‘launcher bar’ access to more icons groups». InfoWorld. Vol. 14. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 46. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2022.
- ^ Davis, Frederic E. (1993). The Windows 3.1 bible. San Rafael, Calif.: Peachpit Press. pp. xvii. ISBN 978-1-56609-015-5. OCLC 26975598. Archived from the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ «Microsoft History 1993». Microsoft. Archived from the original on October 17, 1996. Retrieved September 4, 2009. Internet Archive
- ^ Fiveash, Kelly (November 5, 2008). «Microsoft retires Windows 3.11 on 18th birthday». The Register. Archived from the original on March 26, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Cowart, Robert (2005). Special edition using Microsoft Windows XP home. Brian Knittel (3 ed.). Indianapolis, Ind.: Que. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-7897-3279-8. OCLC 56647752. Archived from the original on June 4, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Hruska, Joel (November 5, 2008). «Microsoft puts Windows 3.11 for Workgroups out to pasture». ArsTechnica. Archived from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
- ^ Halsey, Mike (2015). Windows software compatibility and hardware troubleshooting. Andrew Bettany. [Berkeley, CA]. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4842-1061-1. OCLC 919201454.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ «Windows 95 Not All It’s Cracked Up to Be». The Los Angeles Times. September 3, 1995. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Lea, Graham (November 5, 1999). «How MS played the incompatibility card against DR-DOS – Real bear-traps, and spurious errors». The Register. Archived from the original on November 25, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
- ^ Schulman, Andrew; Brown, Ralf D.; Maxey, David; Michels, Raymond J.; Kyle, Jim (1994) [November 1993]. Undocumented DOS: A programmer’s guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures – expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1 (2 ed.). Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-63287-3. (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5-inch floppy) Errata: [1][2]
- ^ «DR DOS 6.0 does Windows 3.1». Computerworld. News Shorts. April 20, 1992. p. 6. Archived from the original on July 22, 2019. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
- ^ Bridis, Ted (August 28, 1998). «Windows Warning Resurfaces in Suit». Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 25, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
- ^ Lea, Graham (January 13, 2000). «Caldera vs Microsoft – the settlement». BBC News. Archived from the original on December 14, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
- ^ Gomes, Lee (January 11, 2000). «Microsoft Will Pay $275 Million To Settle Lawsuit From Caldera». Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Mark Ward (November 5, 2008). «The end of an era – Windows 3.x». BBC News. Archived from the original on June 24, 2018. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
- ^ McAllister, Neil (July 15, 2013). «Linux 3.11 to be known as ‘Linux for Workgroups’«. The Register. Archived from the original on March 25, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ «Failed Windows 3.1 system blamed for shutting down Paris airport». Ars Technica. November 13, 2015. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved February 7, 2022.
- ^ Longeray, Pierre (November 13, 2015). «Windows 3.1 Is Still Alive, And It Just Killed a French Airport». Vice News. Archived from the original on March 28, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ Tung, Liam (February 12, 2016). «Don’t want Windows 10? No problem, upgrade to Windows 3.1 instead». ZDNet. Archived from the original on April 22, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
- ^ «Deutsche Bahn sucht Administrator für Windows 3.11 und MS-DOS» [Deutsche Bahn is looking for an administrator for Windows 3.11 and MS-DOS]. Der Standard (in German). January 30, 2024. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
- ^ Richard Speed (January 30, 2024). «Windows 3.11 trundles on as job site pleads for ‘driver updates’ on German trains». The Register. Situation Publishing. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
- Learning Windows 3.1, at YouTube
Windows for Workgroups – выпуск Windows 3.1 с поддержкой сетевых функций.
Содержание
- 1 Выпуски
- 1.1 Выпуск 3.1
- 1.2 Выпуск 3.11
- 1.3 Выпуск 3.11 Japanese
- 2 Номер версии
- 3 Редакции
- 4 Известные сборки
- 4.1 Windows for Workgroups 3.10b
- 4.1.1 Beta 1
- 4.1.2 Beta 2
- 4.1.3 Pre-Final Beta
- 4.1.4 Final Beta
- 4.1.5 RTM
- 4.2 Windows for Workgroups 3.11
- 4.2.1 Beta
- 4.2.2 Beta 2
- 4.2.3 Pre-Beta 3
- 4.2.4 Beta 3 (August Beta)
- 4.2.5 RC 1
- 4.2.6 RC
- 4.2.7 RTM
- 4.2.8 Multilingual RTM
- 4.2.9 Thai RTM
- 4.1 Windows for Workgroups 3.10b
Выпуски
Существовало два основных выпуска: 3.1 и 3.11.
Выпуск 3.1
Windows for Workgroups 3.10b (build 102) (1992-10) – исходный финальный выпуск, скомпилированный в октябре 1992 года. Подтверждено существование англоязычной версии.
По состоянию на 03-2021, ни один дистрибутив не обнаружен.
Windows for Workgroups 3.10b (build 102) (1992-11-02) – «тихое» обновление исходного выпуска, в котором был обновлён драйвер WFWNET.DRV. Официальных сведений об обновлении не обнаружено.
Для загрузки доступны несколько локализаций, включая англоязычную.
Выпуск потерпел коммерческий крах, не получил распространения и спустя год был обновлён до версии 3.11.
Выпуск 3.11
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 (build 300) – версия выпущена в конце 1993 года на английском языке.
Позднее система была локализована на многие другие языки.
Windows for Workgroups 3.11a (build 300) – это выпуск 3.11, в котором удалён код сжатия из драйвера RASMAC.386 по причине судебного иска со стороны фирмы Stacker.
Единственное различие между аналогичными редакциями 3.11 и 3.11a заключается в размере файла вышеупомянутого драйвера:
24132 (3.11) 14710 (3.11a)
Примечание: В некоторых локализациях размер файла незначительно отличается от приведённого.
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 (build 050) – выпуск некоторых двуязычных азиатских локализаций (Arabic, Hebrew).
Номер сборки 3.11.050 вызывает вопросы, так как не вписывается в систему нумерации Windows for Workgroups 3.11.
На основе этого расхождения предполагается, что азиатские локализации разрабатывались в отдельной ветке, нумерация сборок которой была обнулена.
Предполагается, что помимо собственной явной нумерации у данных сборок была внутренняя сквозная нумерация. Косвенно это предположение подтверждается версией 3.11.0.350 у некоторых файлов данных сборок.
Для частичного подтверждения этих предположений необходимы скриншоты бета-версии сборки из данной ветки.
Для полного подтверждения предположений необходим дистрибутив бета-версии.
Выпуск 3.11 Japanese
Примечание: информация в этом разделе основана только на данных из сомнительного источника. Других подтверждений на данный момент не обнаружено.
Источник: Microsoft OS Checklist.
Выдержка из источника:
Name: Snowball Version: 3.11.251 Release: Beta Release date: 1993/??/?? Build: 251 Notes: Note by OBrasilo: I was told by the RingMan, that this build is supposed to exist, possibly even in Japanese. According to him, the Japanese translation of Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was started, and a few builds were available (this build, and a Release Candidate), but then it was scrapped, because, by the time of the Japanese translation of the final build (that is, build 300), Chicago was already in its 2xx, or even 3xx builds, and thus the Japanese translation of Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was eventually scrapped, in favour the Japanese translation of Chicago.
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 (build 2xx) – это японская локализация Windows for Workgroups 3.11, работа над которой началась до английского RTM-выпуска, продолжалась до стадии публичного тестирования и была прекращена по причине разработки Windows 95.
В источнике упоминалась сборка 3.11.251.
Теоретически, данная ветка могла существовать, но для подтверждения данной информации необходимы данные из других источников.
Номер версии
3.10b является внутренним номером версии.
Большинство файлов из сборок WfW 3.1 имеют версию вида 3.10.2.xxx. В те годы Microsoft третьей цифрой обозначала буквенную ревизию номера версии. Цифра обозначает порядковый номер буквы латинского алфавита, которая обозначает ревизию.
Также, некоторое обновление, обозначенное Win 3.1a упоминалось в антимонопольных документах. Вероятно, эта версия впоследствии стала обновлением 3.11.002, но это лишь предположение, которое не может быть подтверждено без других доказательств
Из всего вышеизложенного следует, что внутренний номер версии именно 3.10b. Вероятно, буква b была намеренно скрыта в окне About для соответствия основной линейке.
Редакции
Финальные версии выпускались в нескольких редакциях. В таблице приведены известные редакции по состоянию на 03-2021:
| Редакция | Описание | Отличительные признаки |
|---|---|---|
| 3.1 Retail (Full) | Розничный выпуск – полная версия, предназначенная для компьютеров без Windows |
|
| 3.1 Retail (Upgrade) | Розничный выпуск – версия-обновление, предназначенная для компьютеров с более ранней версией системы |
|
| 3.1 Retail (Upgrade for Windows 3.0 Users) | Розничный выпуск – версия-обновление, предназначенная для компьютеров с Windows 3.0 |
|
| 3.1 OEM (Full) | OEM-выпуск – полная версия, предназначенная только для реализации в комплекте с новым оборудованием через третьи фирмы |
|
Известные сборки
Windows for Workgroups 3.10b
Beta 1
- 3.10 (1992-04-03)
Beta 2
- 3.10b.014e
Pre-Final Beta
- 3.10b.023
- 3.10b.024, неполный дистрибутив
Final Beta
- 3.10b.027
RTM
- 3.10b.102 (Danish) (1993-01-21)
- 3.10b.102 (Dutch) (1992-11-07)
- 3.10b.102 (English) (1992-10-01)
- 3.10b.102 (English) (1992-11-02)
- 3.10b.102 (Finnish)
- 3.10b.102 (French), неполный дистрибутив
- 3.10b.102 (German) (1992-11-02)
Windows for Workgroups 3.11
Beta
- 3.11.026
Beta 2
- 3.11.048
Pre-Beta 3
- 3.11.059
Beta 3 (August Beta)
- 3.11.070 (English)
- 3.11.070 (German)
RC 1
- 3.11.100 (English)
- 3.11.100 (German)
RC
- 3.11.300 (1993-10-13)
- 3.11.300 (1993-10-21)
RTM
- 3.11.300 RTM (English)
- 3.11.300 (Simplified Chinese)
- 3.11.300 (Swedish)
Multilingual RTM
- 3.11.050 (English-Arabic)
Thai RTM
- 3.11.0 (English-Thai)
Windows 3.x – семейство операционных систем, выпускаемых корпорацией Microsoft с 1990 по 1994 год.
Windows 3.0 была выпущена 22 мая 1990 года, однако быстро была обновлена до Windows 3.1, в которой было больше возможностей по работе с сетями и мультимедиа. В Windows 3.0 впервые была представлена поддержка процессора Intel 386, 32-битовая архитектура, расширенные средства для управления файлами, приложениями и принтерами, новый графический интерфейс и многозадачность.
В последствии, Windows 3.x была заменена операционной системой Windows 95. Windows 3.x также нашла применение во встроенных системах.
Windows 3.0
Появившаяся 22 мая 1990 года система первой получила по-настоящему массовое распространение. Произошло это во многом за счёт того, что она предустанавливалась производителями на продаваемые компьютеры. С выходом Windows 3.0, операционная система от Microsoft немедленно становится доминирующим продуктом на рынке благодаря предварительной установке на новых компьютерах и широкой поддержке со стороны независимых поставщиков аппаратных средств и программного обеспечения.
В Windows 3.0 программисты Microsoft заменили файловую оболочку DOS собственным «Диспетчером Программ» и специальной надстройкой, предназначенной для навигации по диску – «Диспетчер Файлов». Окна, функциональные кнопки и другие элементы интерфейса имели псевдотрехмерное оформление и использовали расширенную цветовую палитру VGA, благодаря чему выглядели очень красиво и вполне современно.Как наказать виновника утечки персданных (и избежать штрафов для организации) 3.1 т
Операционная система включала полнофункциональную «Панель Управления», позволявшую оперировать практически всеми возможными настройками Windows, в том числе, открывавшую новую возможность — установки любого графического изображения в формате bmp в качестве «подложки» основного рабочего пространства системы. Кроме того, система помощи в Windows 3.0 была реализована с использованием языка HTML и содержала гиперссылки, ведущие к различным тематическим разделам подсказки, а само окно интерактивной помощи имело интерфейс стандартного веб-браузера.
Набор поставляемого вместе с системой программного обеспечения также был значительно расширен: помимо текстовых редакторов Notepad и Wordpad, графического редактора Paintbrush, инструментов удаленного доступа к сети и многих других утилит, Windows 3.0 содержала также комплект игр: «Пасьянс-Косынка», «Пасьянс Свободная Ячейка» и «Сапер».
Система поддерживала несколько режимов памяти, включая 16-разрядный Real Mode для компьютеров с более ранними процессорами, нежели Intel 80286, и 32-разрядный Enhanced Mode для более производительных процессоров 80386. Релиз Windows 3.0 позволил Microsoft на равных конкурировать в плане удобства работы с Apple Macintosh. В частности, в Windows 3.0 появилась панель управления и система окон.
Требования к аппаратному обеспечению у системы были следующие:
- процессоры 8086/8088 или более современные
- 384 Кб памяти в режиме Real Mode, 1 Мб в режиме Standart Mode и 2 Мб в режиме Enhanced Mode
- 6-7 Мб свободного пространства на жёстком диске
- графические карты CGA/EGA/VGA/Hercules/8514/A/XGA и совместимый монитор
- MS-DOS 3.1 или новее
- также рекомендовалось использовать совместимую с продуктом Microsoft мышь.
Windows 3.1
Следующим этапом в развитии Windows стала Windows 3.1. Появившаяся на рынке в апреле 1992 года она была первой платформой семейства Windows, имевшей русскую локализацию и получившей широкое распространение в нашей стране. По большому счету, Windows 3.1 представляла собой лишь улучшенную модификацию Windows 3.0, она обладала расширенными функциями настройки параметров рабочей среды и улучшенным графическим интерфейсом, было исправлено множество ошибок, повышена стабильность, добавлены масштабируемые шрифты TrueType и др.
Экран начала загрузки графического интерфейса операционной системы
Структура интерфейса Windows не претерпела каких-либо существенных изменений, однако в состав платформы была добавлена поддержка широкого спектра звуковых карт и других популярных периферийных устройств, многоязыковая поддержка с возможностью переключения раскладок национальных клавиатур, а также такие утилиты, как «Фонограф», предназначенный для записи звуков с внешнего микрофона и «Универсальный проигрыватель».
Окна с ярлыками запуска программ
В окне системной панели появилась папка «Автозагрузка», в которую можно было помещать ярлыки программ, запускаемых одновременно со стартом системы, однако, теперь Windows требовала для запуска минимум 286-го процессора и 640 Кб оперативной памяти.
Windows for Workgroups 3.1
27 октября 1992 вышла Windows for Workgroups 3.1. В ней интегрируются функции, ориентированные на обслуживание сетевых пользователей и рабочих групп, в том числе доставки электронной почты, планирования групповых встреч, совместного использования файлов и принтеров и календарного планирования. Версия 3.1 стала предвестником бума малых локальных сетей.
Windows for Workgroups 3.11
В 1993 году Microsoft анонсировала выпуск новой версии операционной системы, получившей название Windows for Workgroups 3.11.
Эта была платформа с уклоном в корпоративную направленность — она поддерживала организацию локальной сети по протоколам TCP/IP, IPX/SPX и NetBEUI, включала программы удаленного администрирования компьютера, позволяла использовать сетевые принтеры и накопители, программу для приема и отправки факсов и др.
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 поддерживала 32-разрядный доступ к файлам. Кроме того, в операционной системе была обеспечена более полная совместимость с NetWare и Windows NT.
По большому счету, Windows 3.11 представляла собой переходное звено между операционными системами для настольных компьютеров Windows и корпоративными серверными операционными системами Windows NT.
Пакет прикладного программного обеспечения был расширен почтовым клиентом Microsoft Mail, браузером Microsoft Internet Explorer, утилитой для общения по сети Microsoft Chat и планировщиком, включавшим календарь, записную книжку и множество других возможностей.
Windows 3.2
Windows 3.2 была версией только для китайского рынка.
См. также
- Microsoft Windows
- Корпорация Microsoft
- Билл Гейтс
- Стив Баллмер
Ссылки
- Антология операционных систем. ЭПОХА WINDOWS
- Windows Version History
- История Windows
- Эра Windows 3.x завершилась
Windows for Workgroups 3.11, released in 1993, was a groundbreaking operating system that revolutionized networking for businesses. Its intuitive interface and advanced features made it a game-changer in the world of computing.
This version of Windows introduced peer-to-peer networking, allowing multiple computers to connect and share files and resources seamlessly. With its support for TCP/IP, it paved the way for the internet as we know it today. Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was not only a powerful solution for businesses but also a catalyst for the connectivity of the future.
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was a powerful operating system released by Microsoft in 1993. It introduced advanced networking capabilities, making it popular among professional users. With its improved file and printer sharing features, it allowed businesses to collaborate more effectively. The enhanced graphical user interface provided a user-friendly experience, enabling professionals to navigate the system seamlessly. Windows for Workgroups 3.11 also offered stability and reliability, ensuring smooth operation for demanding work environments. It remains a significant milestone in the evolution of Windows operating systems.
Introduction to Windows for Workgroups 3.11
Windows for Workgroups 3.11, released in 1993, was a significant operating system in the Windows family. It was an extension of Microsoft Windows 3.1 and was specifically designed for networking in workgroup environments. This version brought improvements in file sharing, network protocols, and user interface enhancements. In this article, we will explore the unique aspects of Windows for Workgroups 3.11 and its impact on networking and collaboration.
1. Enhanced Networking Capabilities
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 introduced several enhancements to networking capabilities, providing improved connectivity and collaboration options for workgroup environments. One of the key features was the inclusion of the TCP/IP networking protocol stack, which enabled seamless communication between computers on a network. This allowed for easier file and printer sharing, as well as the ability to connect to remote resources.
In addition to TCP/IP, Windows for Workgroups 3.11 also supported other networking protocols such as IPX/SPX and NetBEUI. This flexibility allowed users to connect to different types of networks, including Novell NetWare and IBM LAN Server. The introduction of these protocols made it easier for businesses to integrate their existing networking infrastructure with Windows for Workgroups 3.11.
Furthermore, Windows for Workgroups 3.11 introduced improved network administration tools, including network setup wizards and a graphical interface for configuring network settings. This made it easier for IT administrators to set up and manage networks, reducing the complexity of network configuration and maintenance.
With these enhanced networking capabilities, Windows for Workgroups 3.11 became a popular choice for small businesses and workgroup environments that required efficient network communication and collaboration.
2. Collaborative Tools and Applications
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 introduced several collaborative tools and applications that facilitated teamwork and information sharing within workgroups. One of the notable features was Microsoft Mail, a messaging system that enabled users to send and receive messages within the network. This allowed for efficient communication and coordination among team members, improving productivity and workflow.
Another useful collaborative tool was the Schedule+ application, which provided a calendar and scheduling functionality. Users could create and manage appointments, meetings, and tasks, allowing for better organization and coordination of workgroup activities. Schedule+ integrated seamlessly with other Microsoft Office applications, enabling users to share their schedules and collaborate on projects.
In addition to messaging and scheduling, Windows for Workgroups 3.11 included collaborative file sharing capabilities. Users could easily share files and documents on the network, allowing for real-time collaboration and version control. This fostered a more efficient and collaborative work environment, where team members could quickly access, edit, and share files without the need for physical transfer or duplication.
All these collaborative tools and applications contributed to the overall productivity and efficiency of workgroups using Windows for Workgroups 3.11.
3. Improved User Interface and Accessibility
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 featured a more user-friendly interface compared to its predecessors. It introduced the Program Manager, a graphical shell that allowed users to organize and access applications and files easily. The Program Manager employed a drag-and-drop interface, making it intuitive for users to customize their desktop and launch applications.
In terms of accessibility, Windows for Workgroups 3.11 introduced support for TrueType fonts, which enhanced the readability and aesthetics of on-screen text. This made it easier for users to work for extended periods without experiencing eye strain. Additionally, Windows for Workgroups 3.11 supported multimedia capabilities, including audio and video playback, enabling users to enjoy multimedia content directly on their computers.
The user interface improvements and accessibility features of Windows for Workgroups 3.11 contributed to a more intuitive and visually appealing computing experience.
4. Compatibility and System Requirements
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was designed to be compatible with a wide range of hardware configurations. It supported both Intel 386 and 486 processors, providing flexibility for users to upgrade their systems while still using the same operating system. Additionally, it had modest system requirements, making it accessible to a broader user base.
Furthermore, Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was designed to be backward-compatible with earlier versions of Windows, allowing users to seamlessly upgrade their existing installations without compatibility issues. This enabled businesses and individuals to take advantage of the improved networking and collaborative features without disrupting their existing software and workflows.
The compatibility and system requirements of Windows for Workgroups 3.11 made it a cost-effective choice for both small businesses and individual users looking to harness the benefits of a networked work environment.
5. Legacy and Historical Significance
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 holds a significant place in the history of Microsoft Windows and networking. It paved the way for future advancements in networking and collaboration within the Windows operating system family. Many of the features and technologies introduced in Windows for Workgroups 3.11 laid the foundation for subsequent versions, such as Windows 95 and beyond.
Furthermore, Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was widely adopted in workgroup environments and small businesses, contributing to the growth and popularity of PC networking. It provided a cost-effective and user-friendly solution for businesses to improve their productivity and connectivity.
Although Windows for Workgroups 3.11 is no longer the primary choice for modern networking needs, its legacy and historical significance cannot be overlooked. It marks an important milestone in the evolution of Windows as a powerful networking platform.
Windows for Workgroups 3.11
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 is an operating system released by Microsoft in 1993. It was an extension of Windows 3.1, designed specifically for networking purposes in the professional environment.
This version of Windows introduced several key features, including improved networking capabilities, enhanced file and printer sharing, and support for peer-to-peer networking. It also included new components such as the Network Setup Wizard, which made it easier to set up and manage network connections.
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was widely used in business environments for its reliable networking capabilities. It allowed professionals to collaborate and share resources seamlessly, improving productivity and efficiency within organizations.
Although Windows for Workgroups 3.11 is now considered outdated, it played a significant role in the evolution of networking technology. It paved the way for future versions of Windows and laid the foundation for modern networking solutions.
Key Takeaways
- Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was an operating system released by Microsoft in 1993.
- It was designed for business environments and offered enhanced networking capabilities.
- Windows for Workgroups 3.11 introduced support for peer-to-peer networking, enabling easy file sharing.
- The operating system also included improved security features to protect sensitive data.
- Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was the last version of the Workgroups series before Windows 95 was released.
Frequently Asked Questions
Here are some commonly asked questions about Windows for Workgroups 3.11:
1. What is Windows for Workgroups 3.11?
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 is an operating system released by Microsoft in 1993. It is an extension of Windows 3.1 with added networking capabilities, making it suitable for small businesses and workgroups. With this version, users can easily share files, printers, and applications over a local area network.
This version of Windows also introduced the NetBIOS network protocol, allowing computers to communicate with each other using networked resources.
2. What are the system requirements for Windows for Workgroups 3.11?
To run Windows for Workgroups 3.11, the minimum system requirements are:
- 80386 processor or higher
- 4MB of RAM
- 10MB of hard disk space
- VGA graphics card
- MS-DOS 3.3 or higher
Note that these requirements are the minimum, and for optimal performance, a higher-end system with more memory and storage capacity is recommended.
3. Can Windows for Workgroups 3.11 connect to the internet?
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 does not have built-in support for connecting to the internet. However, with the use of additional software, such as third-party dial-up networking tools, it is possible to establish an internet connection.
It’s important to note that the internet landscape has significantly evolved since the release of Windows for Workgroups 3.11, and modern internet protocols and security standards may not be fully compatible with this operating system.
4. Can Windows for Workgroups 3.11 run modern applications?
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 is a legacy operating system and may not support modern applications designed for newer versions of Windows. However, it is still possible to run some older Windows 3.1 applications on this system.
If you require compatibility with modern applications, it is recommended to upgrade to a newer version of Windows that supports the required software.
5. Is Windows for Workgroups 3.11 still supported by Microsoft?
No, Windows for Workgroups 3.11 is no longer supported by Microsoft. The operating system reached its end of life in 2001, and no further updates or technical support are available.
It is recommended to upgrade to a newer and supported version of Windows to ensure security and compatibility with modern technologies.
To sum it up, Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was a significant operating system in the history of Microsoft. It revolutionized networking capabilities for businesses, allowing them to easily connect multiple computers and share resources.
With features like peer-to-peer networking, improved file and printer sharing, and enhanced security options, Windows for Workgroups 3.11 provided a reliable and efficient platform for collaborative work. Despite being released over two decades ago, its impact on the development of modern networking technologies cannot be overlooked.
Windows for Workgroups 3.11: A Historical Perspective on Networked Operating Systems
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 represents a pivotal moment in Microsoft’s history, bridging the gap between standalone DOS-based systems and fully-fledged networked operating systems. Released in November 1993, this operating system was built upon Windows 3.1 and was significant for its introduction of network capabilities, allowing users to connect multiple computers in a local area network (LAN). This article explores Windows for Workgroups 3.11’s features, architecture, impact, limitations, and legacy in the evolution of operating systems.
Historical Context
To appreciate the significance of Windows for Workgroups 3.11, it is essential to understand the technological landscape during the early 1990s. PCs were primarily operated using MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System), a predominantly single-user system that limited the ability to connect multiple machines. Local area networks were beginning to gain traction, spurred by the growing need for resource sharing—whether it was printers, files, or internet access.
The predecessor, Windows 3.1, had already laid a foundation with its graphical user interface (GUI). However, it lacked the capability to manage networked environments effectively. Organizations required more robust solutions as the demand for networked computing became apparent, leading Microsoft to develop Windows for Workgroups.
Key Features
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 added several notable features that distinguished it from its predecessors:
-
Network Capability: The defining feature of Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was its built-in networking abilities. It supported peer-to-peer networking, allowing up to 10 computers to connect without the need for a dedicated server. The operating system could access shared files and printers across the network seamlessly.
-
Improved GUI: Building on the GUI of Windows 3.1, Windows for Workgroups maintained and enhanced its easy-to-use interface, which appealed to both novice and experienced users. It introduced more advanced icons and dialog boxes that facilitated user navigation.
-
Enhanced File Management: Commonly used programs such as File Manager and the Control Panel were improved to support network functions. Users could view and manage files on remote machines, simplifying collaborative work.
-
32-bit Networking: Supporting 32-bit network drivers was a significant upgrade from its predecessors, offering improved overall performance and efficiency in network communications.
-
Integrated Messaging: Another feature was the introduction of a simple messaging system allowing users on the network to send messages to one another, akin to an early form of instant messaging.
-
Support for Multiple Protocols: Windows for Workgroups 3.11 supported various network protocols, including TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, and NetBEUI. This flexibility allowed it to operate on different types of networks, accommodating a wide range of hardware.
-
Multimedia Capabilities: With the increasing popularity of multimedia applications, Windows for Workgroups 3.11 offered enhanced support for audio, video, and graphics, which expanded its usability in educational and entertainment contexts.
System Requirements
To run Windows for Workgroups 3.11, users needed compatible hardware that was less demanding compared to modern operating systems but still advanced for the time:
- Processor: Minimum of 386 CPU, although a 486 was recommended for optimal performance.
- Memory: At least 4 MB of RAM, with 8 MB recommended for running more applications simultaneously.
- Storage: A minimum of 20 MB of hard disk space was required for installation.
- Graphics: A VGA-compatible video display was essential for visual operation.
- Networking Hardware: A compatible network adapter was necessary for connecting to other computers.
Architectural Insights
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 innovatively built on the overall architecture established by Windows 3.1. The underlying DOS system provided a non-graphical environment where applications were run and managed. Windows for Workgroups functioned as a graphical shell over DOS, providing users with a more intuitive interface.
The architecture employed a mix of 16-bit and 32-bit components. While the majority of the system operated on a 16-bit basis primarily for compatibility with existing applications, the introduction of 32-bit features, particularly in networking, marked a significant step towards more efficient data processing.
Networking Capabilities
The success of Windows for Workgroups 3.11 hinged on its network functionality, which enabled computers to share resources effectively. This networking ability catered to the burgeoning office environments where collaboration was becoming increasingly vital.
The operating system’s ability to support peer-to-peer connections allowed small businesses and home offices to connect their systems without the cost of dedicated server hardware. Users could share files and printers easily, promoting collaboration and productivity.
Within this context, Microsoft introduced several key networking components, such as the Network Neighborhood feature. This graphical representation allowed users to easily see and connect to other machines and shared resources on the network, significantly improving usability.
Limitations
While Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was groundbreaking for its time, it did have its share of limitations:
-
Peer-to-Peer Restrictions: The operating system supported a maximum of 10 concurrent connections. For organizations requiring more extensive networking capabilities, this was a significant drawback, leading to the eventual adoption of server-based systems.
-
16-bit Architecture: The reliance on 16-bit architecture meant that performance lagged behind later systems built entirely on 32-bit or 64-bit frameworks. Users experienced limitations when running multiple applications simultaneously.
-
Dependence on DOS: As with its predecessors, Windows for Workgroups was dependent on DOS. This reliance posed challenges such as slower boot times and limited memory management.
-
Limited Internet Support: While advancements in networking were achieved, Internet capabilities were still rudimentary. Real internet browsing and widespread email functionalities were not integrated until later versions of Windows.
Reception and Impact
Upon its release, Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was well-received by both critics and users. Its innovative networking capabilities addressed the growing demands of computing during the early ’90s. Companies appreciated the ability to share resources without significant investment, making the OS a popular choice for small to medium-sized businesses.
The operating system’s success also contributed to Microsoft’s greater ambition of creating an ecosystem. Businesses began to adopt Windows for Workgroups not just as an operational OS, but as part of an overall strategy that included productivity software like Microsoft Office, leading to a broader deployment of Windows in workplaces.
Legacy and Evolution
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 paved the way for subsequent versions of Windows, including Windows NT and Windows 95, which introduced further advancements in multitasking, user interface, and networking. Its emphasis on networking laid the groundwork for later systems to incorporate more extensive internet functions, as seen in Windows 95.
The legacy of Windows for Workgroups can still be observed today. It demonstrated the feasibility of integrated network systems in everyday work environments, ultimately contributing to the comprehensive, networked operating systems we use today.
Modern Relevance
Although Windows for Workgroups 3.11 is long outdated and no longer supported, its principles remain relevant. Many of the concepts introduced—peer-to-peer networking, resource sharing, and user-friendly interfaces—have continued to evolve and influence modern operating systems. Businesses still rely on the ability to connect multiple devices in an efficient manner, a demand that was initially realized with Windows for Workgroups.
In recent years, the resurgence of discussions surrounding retro computing and the interest in early operating systems reveals a fascination with how the technology developed and shaped the digital world. Windows for Workgroups holds a special place in this narrative, as a bridge between the isolated PC experience and the engaged, networked environments that are now commonplace.
Conclusion
Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was more than just an intermediate step in Microsoft’s development of operating systems; it was a significant milestone that transformed how people worked together using technology. By offering networking capabilities in an accessible manner, it empowered users to connect and collaborate in a way previously confined to larger enterprises with dedicated servers.
Understanding this operating system gives insight into the more expansive story of personal and professional computing evolution. As we continue to navigate an increasingly networked world, the fundamental principles established by Windows for Workgroups 3.11 resonate in the modern landscape of operating systems, serving as a reminder of how far we have come and the origins of our connected world.