Какой компании принадлежит операционная система windows

Материал из РУВИКИ — свободной энциклопедии

Запрос «WIN» перенаправляется сюда; см. также другие значения.

Windows ([ˈwindəʊz]; с англ. — «Окна», сокр. Win) — семейство многозадачных операционных систем с графическим интерфейсом, выпускаемых корпорацией Microsoft. Работает на таких платформах, как IA-32, x86-64, ARM, ARM64 и др.

Первая операционная система Microsoft — Windows 1.0x — представляла графическую оболочку операционной системы MS-DOS. По состоянию на осень 2023 года последняя операционная система Microsoft — Windows 11^[1].

Согласно данным ресурса StatCounter, на март 2023 года Windows — самая популярная операционная система в мире (доля на мировом рынке — 70 %)^[2]. Однако она не является наиболее используемой операционной системой из-за распространённости Android^[3].

За свою историю корпорация Microsoft выпустила не меньше 30 основных версий Windows.

В таблицу включены как активные (поддерживаемые) программные продукты, так и устаревшие согласно действующему регламенту жизненного цикла программного обеспечения. За первоначальным Windows следует (необязательно) брендовое название версии, затем номер релиза или его год. Для десктопных версий брендовое название часто пропущено, например WIndows 98 или Windows 10.

Условные обозначения:

• RTM — окончание поддержки первого обновления
• осн. — окончание действия лицензии для первого (основного) релиза
• SBL — окончание срока лицензии для производителей^[4]
• retail — окончание срока лицензии для розничных покупателей
• SPx — окончание срока лицензии для различных дополнений (сервис-паков) к системе
• ext — полное окончание поддержки системы
• платный — платные окончание поддержки системы

Версии Microsoft Windows

Все версии Windows классифицируются на семейства (и подсемейства): активные (Windows NT и Windows IoT) и устаревшие (Windows 9x, Windows Mobile и Windows Phone). Каждое семейство предназначено для конкретного сектора компьютерной индустрии: Windows NT — для потребителей, Windows Server — для серверов, Windows IoT — для специализированных устройств и т. д.

Графические интерфейсы и расширения для DOS

Первые версии Windows не были полноценными операционными системами, а представляли собой надстройки над операционной системой DOS. Они добавляли новые режимы работы процессора, многозадачность, стандартизировали интерфейсы аппаратного обеспечения и поддерживали единообразие пользовательских интерфейсов программ.

Для создания графического интерфейса использовались встроенные средства GDI и USER. Первые версии Windows состояли из трёх модулей: KERNEL, GDI и USER. KERNEL управлял памятью, запускал исполняемые файлы и загружал динамические библиотеки DLL. GDI отвечал за графику, а USER — за окна. Эти версии Windows работали на процессорах Intel 8086 и выше.

Список версий:

• Windows 1.0 (1985)
• Windows 2.0 (1987) — в системе появилась возможность запуска DOS-приложений в графических окнах, причём каждому приложению предоставлялись полные 640 КБ памяти. Улучшена поддержка процессоров 80286. В версии 2.03 (2.0/386) появилась поддержка процессоров 80386^[6][7]
• Windows 2.1 (1988) — полная поддержка всех особенностей процессоров 80286 и 80386
• Windows 3.0 (1990) — улучшена поддержка процессоров 80386 и защищённого режима
• Windows 3.1 (1992) — серьёзно переработанная Windows 3.0: устранены UAE (фатальные ошибки прикладных программ), добавлен механизм OLE, печать в режиме WYSIWYG («что видишь, то и получишь»), шрифты TrueType, изменён диспетчер файлов, добавлены мультимедийные функции. Прекращена поддержка процессора 8086 и реального режима^[8]
• Windows 3.2 (1994) — китайская версия Windows 3.1. Обновление было ограничено, поскольку оно исправляло только проблемы, связанные со сложной системой написания в китайском языке^[9]
• Windows for Workgroups 3.11 (1993) — Windows для рабочих групп, первая версия ОС семейства с поддержкой локальных сетей. В системе также испытывались отдельные усовершенствования ядра, применённые позднее в Windows 95. С этой версии прекратилась поддержка процессора 80286 и стандартного режима

Windows 9x

Windows 9x — устаревшее семейство компьютерных операционных систем Microsoft Windows, которые выпускались с 1995 по 2000 год и были основаны на ядре Windows 95 и лежащей в его основе MS-DOS.

Система Windows 95 была выпущена в 1995 году и является первой в данном семействе^[5][10][11]. Она отличалась новым пользовательским интерфейсом, поддержкой длинных имён файлов, автоматической конфигурацией периферийных устройств Plug and Play, возможностью запускать 32-битные приложения и наличием поддержки TCP/IP в системе. Windows 95 использовала вытесняющую многозадачность и каждое 32-битное приложение выполняла в своём адресном пространстве. К данному семейству также относятся Windows 98^[5] и Windows Me^[12][13].

Из соображений совместимости вся подсистема пользовательского интерфейса и графики оставалась 16-битной и мало отличалась от той, что была в Windows 3.x, в связи с чем операционные системы этого семейства не отличались безопасностью. Вследствие этого все вызовы в подсистему оборачивались в мьютекс по имени Win16Lock, который ещё и находился всегда в захваченном состоянии во время исполнения 16-битного приложения. В результате если 16-битное приложение зависало, то это немедленно блокировало всю операционную систему. Однако в 1999 году вышло второе исправленное издание.

Программный интерфейс был частью Win32 API, поддерживаемым Windows NT, поддерживаемой Windows NT, но его поддержка Юникода была очень ограниченной^[14]. Кроме того, он не обладал должным уровнем безопасности (отсутствовали списки доступа к объектам и понятие «администратор»).

Windows 95 включала MS-DOS 7.0, но её функции сводились к загрузке и выполнению 16-битных DOS-приложений. Ядро Windows 95 — VMM — использовало DOS только для некоторых обращений, а главная функция DOS — файловая система FAT — не использовалась. Интерфейс между VMM и DOS никогда не публиковался, и Эндрю Шульман (автор книги «Недокументированный Windows 95») обнаружил недокументированные вызовы DOS, которые использовались только для поддержки VMM.

Список версий:

• Windows 95 (24 августа 1995 года) — в этой ОС появились кнопка «Пуск», панель задач и кнопки закрытия окон, а также возможности Интернета
• Windows 98 (25 июня 1998 года) — первая система, созданная специально для домашних пользователей, которая содержала улучшенный поиск информации на ПК и в Интернете, поддерживала DVD и USB, имела панель быстрого запуска программ. Последняя система, основанная на MS-DOS
• Windows 98 SE (Second Edition) (9 мая 1999 года)
• Windows ME (2000) — обладала улучшенным воспроизведением видео и музыки, повышенной надёжностью и System Restore, с Windows Media Player и Windows Movie Maker

Windows NT

Windows NT (аббр. от англ. New Technology) — семейство операционных систем, работающих на процессорах с архитектурами x86, x86-64, ARM^[15][16]. До версии 4.0 включительно Windows поддерживала процессоры Alpha, MIPS и PowerPC. Все операционные системы этого семейства являются полностью 32- или 64-битными и не нуждаются в MS-DOS даже для загрузки. Только в этом семействе есть операционные системы для серверов. До версии Windows 2000 включительно они выпускались под тем же названием, что и аналогичная версия для рабочих станций, но с добавлением суффикса, например «Windows NT 4.0 Server» и «Windows 2000 Datacenter Server». Начиная с Windows Server 2003 серверные операционные системы называются добавлением суффикса «Server» и года выпуска.

Семейство Windows NT базируется на разделении адресных пространств между процессами, что позволяет каждому процессу работать с выделенной ему памятью. Однако он не может записывать данные в память других процессов, драйверов и системного кода.

Операционные системы семейства Windows NT относятся к ОС с вытесняющей многозадачностью. При этом процессорное время разделяется между потоками по принципу «карусели», где каждому потоку выделяется квант времени (в Windows 2000 — около 20 мс), если все потоки имеют одинаковый приоритет. Если поток отказывается от выделенного ему кванта времени, система перехватывает управление и передает его другому потоку, сохраняя при этом состояние всех регистров процессора в специальной структуре в оперативной памяти — контексте потока. Этого достаточно для возобновления работы потока в будущем.

Список версий:

• Windows NT 3.1 (1993)
• Windows NT 3.5 (1994)
• Windows NT 3.51 (1995)
• Windows NT 4.0 (1996)
• Windows 2000 — Windows NT 5.0 (2000)
• Windows XP^[5][17] — Windows NT 5.1 (2001)
• Windows XP 64-bit Edition — Windows NT 5.2 (2003)
• Windows Server 2003 — Windows NT 5.2 (2003)
• Windows XP Professional x64 Edition — Windows NT 5.2 (2005)
• Windows Home Server — Windows NT 5.2 (2007)
• Windows Vista — Windows NT 6.0 (2007)
• Windows Server 2008 — Windows NT 6.0 (2008)
• Windows Small Business Server — Windows NT 6.0 (2008)
• Windows 7^[18][19] — Windows NT 6.1 (2009)
• Windows Server 2008 R2 — Windows NT 6.1 (2009)
• Windows Home Server 2011 — Windows NT 6.1 (2011)
• Windows 8^{[20][21][22][23][24][25]} — Windows NT 6.2 (2012)
• Windows Server 2012 — Windows NT 6.2 (2012)
• Windows 8.1^[26] — Windows NT 6.3 (2013)
• Windows Server 2012 R2 — Windows NT 6.3 (2013)
• Windows 10^{[27][28][29][30]} — Windows NT 10.0 (2015)^[31][32][33]
• Windows Server 2016 — Windows NT 10.1 (2016)
• Windows Server 2019 — Windows NT 10.2 (2019)
• Windows 11 — Windows NT 10.0.22000 (2021)
• Windows Server 2022 — Windows NT 10.3 (2021)

Семейство мобильных операционных систем Microsoft Windows

Операционные системы реального времени данного семейства специально разработаны для мобильных устройств и поддерживают процессоры ARM, MIPS, SuperH и x86. В отличие от остальных операционных систем Windows эти системы продаются только вместе с готовыми устройствами: смартфонами, карманными персональными компьютерами, GPS-навигаторами, MP3-проигрывателями и др. Под термином Windows CE понимают только ядро операционной системы. Например, Windows Mobile 5.0 включает ядро Windows CE 5.0. Windows Phone и Windows 10 Mobile неактуальны в связи с тем, что уступили популярность Android и iOS.

Список версий:

• Windows CE
• Windows Mobile
• Windows Phone
• Windows 10 Mobile

Windows IoT

Windows IoT (ранее — Windows Embedded) — семейство операционных систем реального времени, специально разработанных для использования в качестве встраиваемых систем. Данные ОС имеют такое же ядро, как и версии семейства Windows CE, и поддерживают процессоры ARM, MIPS, SuperH и x86. Windows IoT включает дополнительные функции по встраиванию, такие как фильтр защиты от записи (EWF и FBWF), возможность загрузки с флеш-памяти, CD-ROM, сети, использование собственной оболочки системы и т. д.

Операционные системы данного семейства не продаются отдельно: они поставляются только вместе с готовыми устройствами, такими как банкоматы, медицинские приборы, навигационное оборудование, «тонкие» клиенты, VoIP-терминалы, медиапроигрыватели, цифровые рамки (альбомы), кассовые терминалы, платёжные терминалы, роботы, игровые автоматы, музыкальные автоматы и др.

Список версий^[34]:

• Windows Embedded CE
• Windows Embedded Standard
• Windows Embedded POSReady
• Windows Embedded Enterprise
• Windows Embedded Industry
• Windows Embedded NavReady
• Windows Embedded Handheld
• Windows Embedded Server
• Windows 10 IoT Core
• Windows 10 IoT Core Services
• Windows 10 IoT Enterprise

Windows Server

Windows Server — семейство серверных систем, предназначенных для использования на серверных компьютерах и ноутбуах.

Список версий:

• Windows Server 2003
• Windows Server 2003 R2
• Windows Home Server 2007
• Windows Server 2008
• Windows Server 2008 R2
• Windows Home Server 2011
• Windows Server 2012
• Windows Server 2012 R2
• Windows Server 2016
• Windows Server 2019
• Windows Server 2022

Windows Azure

Windows Azure — облачная операционная система компании Microsoft, предназначенная для разработки и запуска веб-приложений, которые выполняются на сервере поставщика, а не на компьютере пользователя. Входит в состав платформы Microsoft Azure^[35].

В пакет Windows входят стандартные приложения^[36], такие как браузер (Internet Explorer и Microsoft Edge), почтовый клиент (Outlook Express или Почта Windows), музыкальный и видеопроигрыватель (Проигрыватель Windows Media). Их компоненты могут использоваться в приложениях сторонних производителей с помощью технологий COM и OLE. Начиная с Windows 98 и более новых версий эти продукты являются неотъемлемой частью системы (ранее их можно было бесплатно скачать с официального сайта Microsoft, но для установки некоторых из них требовалась лицензионная версия ОС). Запуск этих программ под другими операционными системами возможен только с помощью эмуляторов среды Windows (Wine).

Список основных стандартных приложений:

• Paint
• WordPad
• Блокнот
• Internet Explorer
• Звукозапись
• Калькулятор
• Командная строка
• Подключение к удалённому рабочему столу
• Проводник
• Центр синхронизации
• Windows Power Shell

Коммерческий продукт, дополняющий возможности Microsoft Windows. Последней редакцией была Plus! SuperPack, которая включала заставки, темы, игры и мультимедийные приложения. Microsoft Plus! впервые был анонсирован 31 января 1994 года под кодовым названием Frosting^[37]. Поддержка была прекращена в пользу Ultimate Extras для Windows Vista и Windows 7.

Согласно данным ресурса StatCounter, на март 2023 года Windows — самая популярная операционная система в мире (доля на мировом рынке — 70 %)^[2]. Среди достоинств операционных систем Microsoft Windows пользователи выделяют следующие^[38]:

• простота использования;
• наличие разнообразного программного обеспечения сторонних производителей (AutoCAD, Photoshop и др.);
• игровая платформа;
• персонализация (частичная);
• автоматические обновления;
• драйверы для периферийных устройств и др.

На июнь 2019 года ОС Windows была установлена не менее чем на 88,5 % персональных компьютеров и рабочих станций. По данным компании Net Applications, на июнь 2019 года рыночная доля Windows составила 88,33 %. Среди различных версий Windows, по данным W3Schools, с июля 2017 года наиболее популярна Windows 10^[39] (около 37 %). На февраль 2019 года доля мобильных версий Windows составила 0,16 %, версий для ПК — 74,0 %^[39][40].

Популярность различных версий Windows по данным статистических агрегаторов, %^[41][42]

По данным группы компаний Softline, в течение первого полугодия 2023 года продажи цифровых копий операционных систем Windows на российском рынке сократились на 78 % по сравнению с аналогичным периодом предыдущего года. Продажи коробочных версий Windows в РФ в годовом исчислении упали в 10 раз. Наблюдающаяся ситуация объясняется импортозамещением в сфере программного обеспечения в условиях сложившейся геополитической обстановки. В Softline отмечают, что по состоянию на август 2023 года распродаются складские остатки Windows и постепенно реализуется процесс отключения возможности приобретения ОС через Интернет^[44].

• В Windows нельзя создать папки con, prn, aux, nul, так как эти слова были зарезервированы для обозначения устройств ввода-вывода.
• На рекламу Windows 95 было потрачено более $300 млн.
• Создатели Windows разработали компьютерную версию игры Реверси для обучения пользователей обращению с мышкой посредством кликов по фишкам. Существует мнение, что для этих же целей была сделана игра «Сапёр»^[45].

• Microsoft
• Билл Гейтс
• Пионеры Windows
• Windows API
• Проводник Windows
• Многозадачность
• Windows Script Host

• Ливингстон Б., Таррот П. Секреты Microsoft Windows Vista = Windows Vista Secrets. — М.: Диалектика, 2007. — С. 456. — ISBN 0-7645-7704-2.
• Мак-Федрис П. Microsoft Windows 7. Полное руководство = Microsoft Windows 7 Unleashed. — М.: Вильямс, 2012. — С. 800. — ISBN 978-5-8459-1614-3.
• Томашевский Д. Microsoft Windows 8. Руководство пользователя = Microsoft Windows 8. Руководство пользователя. — Вильямс, 2013. — С. 352. — ISBN 978-5-8459-1827-7.

• http://windows.microsoft.com/ru-ru/windows/home — официальный сайт Windows
• Центр загрузки Майкрософт: Windows
• Официальный блог Windows. Дата обращения: 9 октября 2023.

Microsoft Corporation

Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology conglomerate headquartered in Redmond, Washington.^[2] Founded in 1975, the company became influential in the rise of personal computers through software like Windows, and the company has since expanded to Internet services, cloud computing, video gaming and other fields. Microsoft is the largest software maker, one of the most valuable public U.S. companies,^[a] and one of the most valuable brands globally.

Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800. It rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by Windows. During the 41 years from 1980 to 2021 Microsoft released 9 versions of MS-DOS with a median frequency of 2 years, and 13 versions of Windows with a median frequency of 3 years. The company’s 1986 initial public offering (IPO) and subsequent rise in its share price created three billionaires and an estimated 12,000 millionaires among Microsoft employees. Since the 1990s, it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market. Steve Ballmer replaced Gates as CEO in 2000. He oversaw the then-largest of Microsoft’s corporate acquisitions in Skype Technologies in 2011,^[3] and an increased focus on hardware^[4][5] that led to its first in-house PC line, the Surface, in 2012, and the formation of Microsoft Mobile through Nokia. Since Satya Nadella took over as CEO in 2014, the company has changed focus towards cloud computing,^[6][7] as well as its large acquisition of LinkedIn for $26.2 billion in 2016.^[8] Under Nadella’s direction, the company has also expanded its video gaming business to support the Xbox brand, establishing the Microsoft Gaming division in 2022 and acquiring Activision Blizzard for $68.7 billion in 2023.^[9]

Microsoft has been market-dominant in the IBM PC–compatible operating system market and the office software suite market since the 1990s. Its best-known software products are the Windows line of operating systems and the Microsoft Office and Microsoft 365 suite of productivity applications, which most notably include the Word word processor and Excel spreadsheet editor. Its flagship hardware products are the Surface lineup of personal computers and Xbox video game consoles, the latter of which includes the Xbox network; the company also provides a range of consumer Internet services such as Bing web search, the MSN web portal, the Outlook.com (Hotmail) email service and the Microsoft Store. In the enterprise and development fields, Microsoft most notably provides the Azure cloud computing platform, Microsoft SQL Server database software, and Visual Studio.^{[citation needed]}

Microsoft is considered one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Alphabet,^[b] Amazon, Apple, and Meta.^[c] In April 2019, Microsoft reached a trillion-dollar market cap, becoming the third public U.S. company to be valued at over $1 trillion. It has been criticized for its monopolistic practices, and the company’s software has been criticized for problems with ease of use, robustness, and security.

History

1972–1985: Founding

Childhood friends Bill Gates and Paul Allen sought to make a business using their skills in computer programming.^[11] In 1972, they founded Traf-O-Data, which sold a rudimentary computer to track and analyze automobile traffic data. Gates enrolled at Harvard University while Allen pursued a degree in computer science at Washington State University, though he later dropped out to work at Honeywell.^[12]

The January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics featured Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems’s (MITS) Altair 8800 microcomputer,^[13] which inspired Allen to suggest that they could program a BASIC interpreter for the device. Gates called MITS and claimed that he had a working interpreter, and MITS requested a demonstration. Allen worked on a simulator for the Altair while Gates developed the interpreter, and it worked flawlessly when they demonstrated it to MITS in March 1975 in Albuquerque, New Mexico. MITS agreed to distribute it, marketing it as Altair BASIC.^{[10]: 108, 112–114} Gates and Allen established Microsoft on April 4, 1975, with Gates as CEO,^[14] and Allen suggested the name «Micro-Soft», short for micro-computer software.^[15][16] In August 1977, the company formed an agreement with ASCII Magazine in Japan, resulting in its first international office of ASCII Microsoft.^[17] Microsoft moved its headquarters to Bellevue, Washington, in January 1979.^[14]

Microsoft entered the operating system (OS) business in 1980 with its own version of Unix called Xenix,^[18] but it was MS-DOS that solidified the company’s dominance. IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft in November 1980 to provide a version of the CP/M OS to be used in the IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC).^[19] For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products which it branded as MS-DOS, although IBM rebranded it to IBM PC DOS. Microsoft retained ownership of MS-DOS following the release of the IBM PC in August 1981. IBM had copyrighted the IBM PC BIOS, so other companies had to reverse engineer it for non-IBM hardware to run as IBM PC compatibles, but no such restriction applied to the operating systems. Microsoft eventually became the leading PC operating systems vendor.^{[20][21]: 210} The company expanded into new markets with the release of the Microsoft Mouse in 1983, as well as with a publishing division named Microsoft Press.^[10]: 232
Paul Allen resigned from Microsoft in 1983 after developing Hodgkin’s lymphoma.^[22] Allen claimed in Idea Man: A Memoir by the co-founder of Microsoft that Gates wanted to dilute his share in the company when he was diagnosed with Hodgkin’s disease because he did not think that he was working hard enough.^[23] Allen later invested in low-tech sectors, sports teams, commercial real estate, neuroscience, private space flight, and more.^[24]

1985–1994: Windows and Office

Microsoft released Windows 1.0 on November 20, 1985, as a graphical extension for MS-DOS,^{[10]: 242–243, 246} despite having begun jointly developing OS/2 with IBM that August.^[25] Microsoft moved its headquarters from Bellevue to Redmond, Washington, on February 26, 1986, and went public with an initial public offering (IPO) at the NASDAQ exchange on March 13,^[26] with the resulting rise in stock making an estimated four billionaires and 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees.^[27] Microsoft released its version of OS/2 to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) on April 2, 1987.^[10] In 1990, the Federal Trade Commission examined Microsoft for possible collusion due to the partnership with IBM, marking the beginning of more than a decade of legal clashes with the government.^{[28] : 243–244} Meanwhile, the company was at work on Microsoft Windows NT, which was heavily based on their copy of the OS/2 code. It shipped on July 21, 1993, with a new modular kernel and the 32-bit Win32 application programming interface (API), making it easier to port from 16-bit (MS-DOS-based) Windows. Microsoft informed IBM of Windows NT, and the OS/2 partnership deteriorated.^[29]

In 1990, Microsoft introduced the Microsoft Office suite which bundled separate applications such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel.^[10]: 301 On May 22, Microsoft launched Windows 3.0, featuring streamlined user interface graphics and improved protected mode capability for the Intel 386 processor,^[30] and both Office and Windows became dominant in their respective areas.^[31][32]

On July 27, 1994, the Department of Justice’s Antitrust Division filed a competitive impact statement that said: «Beginning in 1988 and continuing until July 15, 1994, Microsoft induced many OEMs to execute anti-competitive ‘per processor licenses. Under a per-processor license, an OEM pays Microsoft a royalty for each computer it sells containing a particular microprocessor, whether the OEM sells the computer with a Microsoft operating system or a non-Microsoft operating system. In effect, the royalty payment to Microsoft when no Microsoft product is being used acts as a penalty, or tax, on the OEM’s use of a competing PC operating system. Since 1988, Microsoft’s use of per processor licenses has increased.»^[33]

1995–2007: Foray into the Web, Windows 95, Windows XP, and Xbox

Following Bill Gates’s internal «Internet Tidal Wave memo» on May 26, 1995, Microsoft began to redefine its offerings and expand its product line into computer networking and the World Wide Web.^[34] With a few exceptions of new companies, like Netscape, Microsoft was the only major and established company that acted fast enough to be a part of the World Wide Web practically from the start. Other companies like Borland, WordPerfect, Novell, IBM and Lotus, being much slower to adapt to the new situation, would give Microsoft market dominance.^[35]

The company released Windows 95 on August 24, 1995, featuring pre-emptive multitasking, a completely new user interface with a novel start button, and 32-bit compatibility; similar to NT, it provided the Win32 API.^{[36][37]: 20} Windows 95 came bundled with the online service MSN, which was at first intended to be a competitor to the Internet,^{[dubious – discuss]} and (for OEMs) Internet Explorer, a Web browser. Internet Explorer was not bundled with the retail Windows 95 boxes, because the boxes were printed before the team finished the Web browser, and instead were included in the Windows 95 Plus! pack.^[38] Backed by a high-profile marketing campaign^[39] and what The New York Times called «the splashiest, most frenzied, most expensive introduction of a computer product in the industry’s history,»^[40] Windows 95 quickly became a success.^[41] Branching out into new markets in 1996, Microsoft and General Electric’s NBC unit created a new 24/7 cable news channel, MSNBC.^[42] Microsoft created Windows CE 1.0, a new OS designed for devices with low memory and other constraints, such as personal digital assistants.^[43] In October 1997, the Justice Department filed a motion in the Federal District Court, stating that Microsoft violated an agreement signed in 1994 and asked the court to stop the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows.^{[10]: 323–324}

On January 13, 2000, Bill Gates handed over the CEO position to Steve Ballmer, an old college friend of Gates and employee of the company since 1980, while creating a new position for himself as Chief Software Architect.^{[10]: 111, 228 [14]} Various companies including Microsoft formed the Trusted Computing Platform Alliance in October 1999 to (among other things) increase security and protect intellectual property through identifying changes in hardware and software. Critics decried the alliance as a way to enforce indiscriminate restrictions over how consumers use software, and over how computers behave, and as a form of digital rights management: for example, the scenario where a computer is not only secured for its owner but also secured against its owner as well.^[44][45] On April 3, 2000, a judgment was handed down in the case of United States v. Microsoft Corp.,^[46] calling the company an «abusive monopoly.»^[47] Microsoft later settled with the U.S. Department of Justice in 2004.^[26]

On October 25, 2001, Microsoft released Windows XP, unifying the mainstream and NT lines of OS under the NT codebase.^[48] The company released the Xbox later that year, entering the video game console market dominated by Sony and Nintendo.^[49] In March 2004 the European Union brought antitrust legal action against the company, citing it abused its dominance with the Windows OS, resulting in a judgment of €497 million ($613 million) and requiring Microsoft to produce new versions of Windows XP without Windows Media Player: Windows XP Home Edition N and Windows XP Professional N.^[50][51] In November 2005, the company’s second video game console, the Xbox 360, was released. There were two versions, a basic version for $299.99 and a deluxe version for $399.99.^[52]

Increasingly present in the hardware business following Xbox, Microsoft 2006 released the Zune series of digital media players, a successor of its previous software platform Portable Media Center. These expanded on previous hardware commitments from Microsoft following its original Microsoft Mouse in 1983; as of 2007 the company sold the best-selling wired keyboard (Natural Ergonomic Keyboard 4000), mouse (IntelliMouse), and desktop webcam (LifeCam) in the United States. That year the company also launched the Surface «digital table», later renamed PixelSense.^[53]

2007–2011: Microsoft Azure, Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Microsoft Stores

Released in January 2007, the next version of Windows, Vista, focused on features, security and a redesigned user interface dubbed Aero.^[55][56] Microsoft Office 2007, released at the same time, featured a «Ribbon» user interface which was a significant departure from its predecessors. Relatively strong sales of both products helped to produce a record profit in 2007.^[57] The European Union imposed another fine of €899 million ($1.4 billion) for Microsoft’s lack of compliance with the March 2004 judgment on February 27, 2008, saying that the company charged rivals unreasonable prices for key information about its workgroup and backoffice servers.^[58] Microsoft stated that it was in compliance and that «these fines are about the past issues that have been resolved».^[59] 2007 also saw the creation of a multi-core unit at Microsoft, following the steps of server companies such as Sun and IBM.^[60]

Gates retired from his role as Chief Software Architect on June 27, 2008, a decision announced in June 2006, while retaining other positions related to the company in addition to being an advisor for the company on key projects.^[61][62] Azure Services Platform, the company’s entry into the cloud computing market for Windows, launched on October 27, 2008.^[63] On February 12, 2009, Microsoft announced its intent to open a chain of Microsoft-branded retail stores, and on October 22, 2009, the first retail Microsoft Store opened in Scottsdale, Arizona; the same day Windows 7 was officially released to the public. Windows 7’s focus was on refining Vista with ease-of-use features and performance enhancements, rather than an extensive reworking of Windows.^[64][65][66]

As the smartphone industry boomed in the late 2000s, Microsoft had struggled to keep up with its rivals in providing a modern smartphone operating system, falling behind Apple and Google-sponsored Android in the United States.^[67] As a result, in 2010 Microsoft revamped their aging flagship mobile operating system, Windows Mobile, replacing it with the new Windows Phone OS that was released in October that year.^[68][69] It used a new user interface design language, codenamed «Metro», which prominently used simple shapes, typography, and iconography, utilizing the concept of minimalism. Microsoft implemented a new strategy for the software industry, providing a consistent user experience across all smartphones using the Windows Phone OS. It launched an alliance with Nokia in 2011 and Microsoft worked closely with the company to co-develop Windows Phone,^[70] but remained partners with long-time Windows Mobile OEM HTC.^[71] Microsoft is a founding member of the Open Networking Foundation started on March 23, 2011. Fellow founders were Google, HPE Networking, Yahoo!, Verizon Communications, Deutsche Telekom and 17 other companies. This nonprofit organization is focused on providing support for a cloud computing initiative called Software-Defined Networking.^[72] The initiative is meant to speed innovation through simple software changes in telecommunications networks, wireless networks, data centers, and other networking areas.^[73]

2011–2014: Windows 8/8.1, Xbox One, Outlook.com, and Surface devices

Following the release of Windows Phone, Microsoft undertook a gradual rebranding of its product range throughout 2011 and 2012, with the corporation’s logos, products, services, and websites adopting the principles and concepts of the Metro design language.^[74] Microsoft unveiled Windows 8, an operating system designed to power both personal computers and tablet computers, in Taipei in June 2011.^[75] A developer preview was released on September 13, which was subsequently replaced by a consumer preview on February 29, 2012, and released to the public in May.^[76] The Surface was unveiled on June 18, becoming the first computer in the company’s history to have its hardware made by Microsoft.^[77][78] On June 25, Microsoft paid US$1.2 billion to buy the social network Yammer.^[79] On July 31, they launched the Outlook.com webmail service to compete with Gmail.^[80] On September 4, 2012, Microsoft released Windows Server 2012.^[81]

In July 2012, Microsoft sold its 50% stake in MSNBC, which it had run as a joint venture with NBC since 1996.^[82] On October 1^[when?], Microsoft announced its intention to launch a news operation, part of a new-look MSN, with Windows 8 later in the month.^[83] On October 26, 2012, Microsoft launched Windows 8 and the Microsoft Surface.^[78][84] Three days later, Windows Phone 8 was launched.^[85] To cope with the potential for an increase in demand for products and services, Microsoft opened a number of «holiday stores» across the U.S. to complement the increasing number of «bricks-and-mortar» Microsoft Stores that opened in 2012.^[86] On March 29, 2013, Microsoft launched a Patent Tracker.^[87]

In August 2012, the New York City Police Department announced a partnership with Microsoft for the development of the Domain Awareness System which is used for Police surveillance in New York City.^[88]

The Kinect, a motion-sensing input device made by Microsoft and designed as a video game controller, first introduced in November 2010, was upgraded for the 2013 release of the Xbox One video game console. Kinect’s capabilities were revealed in May 2013: an ultra-wide 1080p camera, function in the dark due to an infrared sensor, higher-end processing power and new software, the ability to distinguish between fine movements (such as a thumb movement), and determining a user’s heart rate by looking at their face.^[89] Microsoft filed a patent application in 2011 that suggests that the corporation may use the Kinect camera system to monitor the behavior of television viewers as part of a plan to make the viewing experience more interactive.^[90] On July 19, 2013, Microsoft stocks suffered their biggest one-day percentage sell-off since the year 2000, after its fourth-quarter report raised concerns among investors on the poor showings of both Windows 8 and the Surface tablet. Microsoft suffered a loss of more than US$32 billion.^[91]

In line with the maturing PC business, in July 2013, Microsoft announced that it would reorganize the business into four new business divisions, namely Operating systems, Apps, Cloud, and Devices. All previous divisions will be dissolved into new divisions without any workforce cuts.^[92] On September 3, 2013, Microsoft agreed to buy Nokia’s mobile unit for $7 billion,^[93] following Amy Hood taking the role of CFO.^[94]

2014–2020: Windows 10, Microsoft Edge, and HoloLens

On February 4, 2014, Steve Ballmer stepped down as CEO of Microsoft and was succeeded by Satya Nadella, who previously led Microsoft’s Cloud and Enterprise division.^[95] On the same day, John W. Thompson took on the role of chairman, in place of Bill Gates, who continued to participate as a technology advisor.^[96] Thompson became the second chairman in Microsoft’s history.^[97] On April 25, 2014, Microsoft acquired Nokia Devices and Services for $7.2 billion.^[98] This new subsidiary was renamed Microsoft Mobile Oy.^[99] On September 15, 2014, Microsoft acquired the video game development company Mojang, best known for Minecraft, for $2.5 billion.^[100] On June 8, 2017, Microsoft acquired Hexadite, an Israeli security firm, for $100 million.^[101][102]

On January 21, 2015, Microsoft announced the release of their first Interactive whiteboard, Microsoft Surface Hub.^[103] On July 29, 2015, Windows 10 was released,^[104] with its server sibling, Windows Server 2016, released in September 2016. In Q1 2015, Microsoft was the third-largest maker of mobile phones, selling 33 million units (7.2% of all). While a large majority (at least 75%) of them do not run any version of Windows Phone — those other phones are not categorized as smartphones by Gartner – in the same timeframe 8 million Windows smartphones (2.5% of all smartphones) were made by all manufacturers (mostly Microsoft).^[105] Microsoft’s share of the U.S. smartphone market in January 2016 was 2.7%.^[106] During the summer of 2015 the company lost $7.6 billion related to its mobile-phone business, firing 7,800 employees.^[107]

In 2015, the construction of a data center in Mecklenburg County, Virginia led to the destruction of a historic African American cemetery despite archeological recommendations for preservation.^[108]

On March 1, 2016, Microsoft announced the merger of its PC and Xbox divisions, with Phil Spencer announcing that Universal Windows Platform (UWP) apps would be the focus for Microsoft’s gaming in the future.^[109] On January 24, 2017, Microsoft showcased Intune for Education at the BETT 2017 education technology conference in London.^[110] Intune for Education is a new cloud-based application and device management service for the education sector.^[111] In May 2016, the company announced it was laying off 1,850 workers, and taking an impairment and restructuring charge of $950 million.^[107]

In June 2016, Microsoft announced a project named Microsoft Azure Information Protection. It aims to help enterprises protect their data as it moves between servers and devices.^[112] In November 2016, Microsoft joined the Linux Foundation as a Platinum member during Microsoft’s Connect(); developer event in New York.^[113] The cost of each Platinum membership is US$500,000 per year.^[114] Some analysts deemed this unthinkable ten years prior, however, as in 2001 then-CEO Steve Ballmer called Linux «cancer».^[115] Microsoft planned to launch a preview of Intune for Education «in the coming weeks», with general availability scheduled for spring 2017, priced at $30 per device, or through volume licensing agreements.^[116]

In January 2018, Microsoft patched Windows 10 to account for CPU problems related to Intel’s Meltdown security breach. The patch led to issues with the Microsoft Azure virtual machines reliant on Intel’s CPU architecture. On January 12, Microsoft released PowerShell Core 6.0 for the macOS and Linux operating systems.^[117] In February 2018, Microsoft killed notification support for their Windows Phone devices which effectively ended firmware updates for the discontinued devices.^[117] In March 2018, Microsoft recalled Windows 10 S to change it to a mode for the Windows operating system rather than a separate and unique operating system. In March the company also established guidelines that censor users of Office 365 from using profanity in private documents.^[117]

In April 2018, Microsoft released the source code for Windows File Manager under the MIT License to celebrate the program’s 20th anniversary. In April the company further expressed willingness to embrace open source initiatives by announcing Azure Sphere as its own derivative of the Linux operating system.^[117] In May 2018, Microsoft partnered with 17 American intelligence agencies to develop cloud computing products. The project is dubbed «Azure Government» and has ties to the Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI) surveillance program.^[117] On June 4, 2018, Microsoft officially announced the acquisition of GitHub for $7.5 billion, a deal that closed on October 26, 2018.^[118][119] On July 10, 2018, Microsoft revealed the Surface Go platform to the public. Later in the month, it converted Microsoft Teams to gratis.^[117] In August 2018, Microsoft released two projects called Microsoft AccountGuard and Defending Democracy. It also unveiled Snapdragon 850 compatibility for Windows 10 on the ARM architecture.^{[120][121][117]}

In August 2018, Toyota Tsusho began a partnership with Microsoft to create fish farming tools using the Microsoft Azure application suite for Internet of things (IoT) technologies related to water management. Developed in part by researchers from Kindai University, the water pump mechanisms use artificial intelligence to count the number of fish on a conveyor belt, analyze the number of fish, and deduce the effectiveness of water flow from the data the fish provide. The specific computer programs used in the process fall under the Azure Machine Learning and the Azure IoT Hub platforms.^[122]

In September 2018, Microsoft discontinued Skype Classic.^[117] On October 10, 2018, Microsoft joined the Open Invention Network community despite holding more than 60,000 patents.^[123] In November 2018, Microsoft agreed to supply 100,000 Microsoft HoloLens headsets to the United States military in order to «increase lethality by enhancing the ability to detect, decide and engage before the enemy.»^[124] In November 2018, Microsoft introduced Azure Multi-Factor Authentication for Microsoft Azure.^[125] In December 2018, Microsoft announced Project Mu, an open source release of the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) core used in Microsoft Surface and Hyper-V products. The project promotes the idea of Firmware as a Service.^[126] In the same month, Microsoft announced the open source implementation of Windows Forms and the Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) which will allow for further movement of the company toward the transparent release of key frameworks used in developing Windows desktop applications and software. December also saw the company discontinue the Microsoft Edge [Legacy] browser project in favor of the «New Edge» browser project, featuring a Chromium based backend.^[125]

On February 20, 2019, Microsoft Corp said it will offer its cyber security service AccountGuard to 12 new markets in Europe including Germany, France and Spain, to close security gaps and protect customers in political space from hacking.^[127] In February 2019, hundreds of Microsoft employees protested the company’s war profiteering from a $480 million contract to develop virtual reality headsets for the United States Army.^[128]

2020–present: Acquisitions, Xbox Series X/S, and Windows 11

On March 26, 2020, Microsoft announced it was acquiring Affirmed Networks for about $1.35 billion.^[129][130] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Microsoft closed all of its retail stores indefinitely due to health concerns.^[131] On July 22, 2020, Microsoft announced plans to close its Mixer service, planning to move existing partners to Facebook Gaming.^[132]

On July 31, 2020, it was reported that Microsoft was in talks to acquire TikTok after the Trump administration ordered ByteDance to divest ownership of the application to the U.S.^[133] On August 3, 2020, after speculation on the deal, Donald Trump stated that Microsoft could buy the application, however, it should be completed by September 15, 2020, and that the United States Department of the Treasury should receive a portion if it were to go through.^[134]

On August 5, 2020, Microsoft stopped its xCloud game streaming test for iOS devices. According to Microsoft, the future of xCloud on iOS remains unclear and potentially out of Microsoft’s hands. Apple has imposed a strict limit on «remote desktop clients» which means applications are only allowed to connect to a user-owned host device or gaming console owned by the user.^[135] On September 21, 2020, Microsoft announced its intent to acquire video game company ZeniMax Media, the parent company of Bethesda Softworks, for about $7.5 billion, with the deal expected to occur in the second half of 2021 fiscal year.^[136] On March 9, 2021, the acquisition was finalized and ZeniMax Media became part of Microsoft’s Xbox Game Studios division.^[137] The total price of the deal was $8.1 billion.^[138]

On September 22, 2020, Microsoft announced that it had an exclusive license to use OpenAI’s GPT-3 artificial intelligence language generator.^[139] The previous version of GPT-3, called GPT-2, made headlines for being «too dangerous to release» and had numerous capabilities, including designing websites, prescribing medication, answering questions, and penning articles.^[140]

On November 10, 2020, Microsoft released the Xbox Series X and Xbox Series S video game consoles.^[141]

In February 2021, Microsoft released Azure Quantum for public preview.^[142] The public cloud computing platform provides access to quantum software and quantum hardware including trapped ion, neutral atom, and superconducting systems.^{[143][144][145][146]}

In April 2021, Microsoft announced it would buy Nuance Communications for approximately $16 billion.^[147] The acquisition of Nuance was completed in March 2022.^[148] In 2021, in part due to the strong quarterly earnings spurred by the COVID-19 pandemic, Microsoft’s valuation came to nearly $2 trillion. The increased necessity for remote work and distance education drove demand for cloud computing and grew the company’s gaming sales.^{[149][150][151]}

On June 24, 2021, Microsoft announced Windows 11 during a Livestream. The announcement came with confusion after Microsoft announced Windows 10 would be the last version of the operating system.^[152] It was released to the general public on October 5, 2021.^[153]

In September 2021, it was announced that the company had acquired Takelessons, an online platform that connects students and tutors in numerous subjects. The acquisition positioned Microsoft to grow its presence in the market of providing online education to large numbers of people.^[154] In the same month, Microsoft acquired Australia-based video editing software company Clipchamp.^[155]

In October 2021, Microsoft announced that it began rolling out end-to-end encryption (E2EE) support for Microsoft Teams calls in order to secure business communication while using video conferencing software. Users can ensure that their calls are encrypted and can utilize a security code that both parties on a call must verify on their respective ends.^[156] On October 7, Microsoft acquired Ally.io, a software service that measures companies’ progress against OKRs. Microsoft plans to incorporate Ally.io into its Viva family of employee experience products.^[157]

On January 18, 2022, Microsoft announced the acquisition of American video game developer and holding company Activision Blizzard in an all-cash deal worth $68.7 billion.^[158] Activision Blizzard is best known for producing franchises, including but not limited to Warcraft, Diablo, Call of Duty, StarCraft, Candy Crush Saga, Crash Bandicoot, Spyro, Tony Hawk’s, Guitar Hero, and Overwatch.^[159] Activision and Microsoft each released statements saying the acquisition was to benefit their businesses in the metaverse, many saw Microsoft’s acquisition of video game studios as an attempt to compete against Meta Platforms, with TheStreet referring to Microsoft wanting to become «the Disney of the metaverse».^[160][161] Microsoft also named Phil Spencer, head of the Xbox brand since 2014, the inaugural CEO of the newly established Microsoft Gaming division, which now houses the Xbox operations team and the three publishers in the company’s portfolio (Xbox Game Studios, ZeniMax Media, Activision Blizzard). Microsoft has not released statements regarding Activision’s recent legal controversies regarding employee abuse, but reports have alleged that Activision CEO Bobby Kotick, a major target of the controversy, will leave the company after the acquisition is finalized.^[162] The deal was closed on October 13, 2023.^[163]

In December 2022, Microsoft announced a new 10-year deal with the London Stock Exchange Group for products including Microsoft Azure; Microsoft acquired around 4% of LSEG as part of the deal.^[164]

In January 2023, CEO Satya Nadella announced Microsoft would lay off some 10,000 employees.^[165] The announcement came a day after hosting a Sting concert for 50 people, including Microsoft executives, in Davos, Switzerland.^[166]

On January 23, 2023, Microsoft announced a new multi-year, multi-billion dollar investment deal with ChatGPT developer OpenAI.^[167]

In June 2023, Microsoft released Azure Quantum Elements to run molecular simulations and calculations in computational chemistry and materials science using a combination of AI, high-performance computing and quantum computing.^[168] The service includes Copilot, a GPT-4 based large language model tool to query and visualize data, write code, initiate simulations, and educate researchers.^[168]

At a November 2023 developer conference, Microsoft announced two new custom-designed computing chips: The Maia chip, designed to run large language models, and Cobalt CPU, designed to power general cloud services on Azure.^[169][170]

On November 20, 2023, Satya Nadella announced that Sam Altman, who had been ousted as CEO of OpenAI just days earlier, and Greg Brockman, who had resigned as president, would join Microsoft to lead a new advanced AI research team.^[171][172] However, the plan was short-lived, as Altman was subsequently reinstated as OpenAI’s CEO and Brockman rejoined the company amid pressure from OpenAI’s employees and investors on its board.^[173] In March 2024, Inflection AI’s cofounders Mustafa Suleyman and Karen Simonyan announced their departure from the company in order to start Microsoft AI, with Microsoft acqui-hiring nearly the entirety of its 70-person workforce. As part of the deal, Microsoft paid Inflection $650 million to license its technology.^[174][175]

In January 2024, Microsoft became the most valued publicly traded company. Meanwhile, that month, the company announced a subscription offering of artificial intelligence for small businesses via Copilot Pro.^[176][177]

In April 2024, Microsoft made a $1.5 billion investment in the Emirati AI firm G42. As part of the deal, G42 said it would use the Microsoft Azure platform for its AI development and deployment.^[178][179] Later that month, Microsoft unveiled plans to invest $1.7 billion in developing AI and cloud infrastructure in Indonesia. The plan includes establishment of data centers and partnerships to support digital transformation efforts.^[180]

In May 2024, Microsoft announced a $3.3 billion investment to build an artificial intelligence hub in southeast Wisconsin, tripling its initial proposal. This initiative, unveiled by President Joe Biden in Racine County, includes constructing a data center, creating 2,300 construction jobs by 2025, and 2,000 permanent jobs over time, alongside establishing an AI co-innovation lab at UW-Milwaukee to train up to 1,000 individuals by 2030.^[181]

In June 2024, Microsoft announced it would be laying off 1,000 employees from the company’s mixed reality and Azure cloud computing divisions.^[182][183]

In June 2024, Microsoft announced that they were building a «hyperscale data centre» in South East Leeds.^[184] In July 2024, it was reported that the company was laying off its diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) team.^[185][186]

On July 19, 2024, a global IT outage impacted Microsoft services, affecting businesses, airlines, and financial institutions worldwide. The outage was traced back to a flawed update of CrowdStrike’s cybersecurity software, which resulted in Microsoft systems crashing and causing disruptions across various sectors. Despite CrowdStrike’s CEO George Kurtz clarifying that the issue was not a cyberattack, the incident had widespread consequences, leading to delays in air travel, financial transactions, and medical services globally. Microsoft stated that the underlying cause had been fixed but acknowledged ongoing residual impacts on some Microsoft 365 apps and services.^[187][188]

In September 2024, BlackRock and Microsoft announced a $30 billion fund, the Global AI Infrastructure Investment Partnership, to invest in AI infrastructure such as data centers and energy projects. The fund has the potential to reach $100 billion with debt financing, and partners include Abu Dhabi-backed MGX and Nvidia, which will provide AI expertise. Investments will primarily focus on the U.S., with some in partner countries.^[189] Microsoft also announced relaunch of its controversial tool, Recall, in November 2024 after addressing privacy concerns. Initially criticized for taking regular screenshots without user consent, Recall was changed to an opt-in feature instead of being default on. The UK’s Information Commissioner’s Office monitored the situation and noted the adjustments, which included enhanced security measures like encryption and biometric access. While experts regarded these changes as improvements, they advised caution, with some recommending further testing before users opted in.^[190]

On February 28, 2025, Microsoft announced that Skype would be shutting down on May 5, 2025, to streamline its focus on Microsoft Teams. The company stated there would be no job cuts due to the shutdown.^[191]

On April 4, 2025, it celebrated its 50th anniversary.^[192]

Corporate affairs

Microsoft is ranked No. 14 in the 2022 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue;^[193] and it was the world’s largest software maker by revenue in 2022 according to Forbes Global 2000. In 2018, Microsoft became the most valuable publicly traded company in the world,^[194] a position it has repeatedly traded with Apple in the years since.^[195] In April 2019, Microsoft reached a trillion-dollar market cap, becoming the third U.S. public company to be valued at over $1 trillion.^[d] As of 2024, Microsoft has the third-highest global brand valuation. Microsoft is one of only two U.S.-based companies that have a prime credit rating of AAA.^[196]

Board of directors

The company is run by a board of directors made up of mostly company outsiders, as is customary for publicly traded companies. Members of the board of directors as of December 2023 are Satya Nadella, Reid Hoffman, Hugh Johnston, Teri List, Sandi Peterson, Penny Pritzker, Carlos Rodriguez, Charles Scharf, John W. Stanton, John W. Thompson, Emma Walmsley and Padmasree Warrior.^[197]

Board members are elected every year at the annual shareholders’ meeting using a majority vote system. There are four committees within the board that oversee more specific matters. These committees include the Audit Committee, which handles accounting issues with the company including auditing and reporting; the Compensation Committee, which approves compensation for the CEO and other employees of the company; the Governance and Nominating Committee, which handles various corporate matters including the nomination of the board; and the Regulatory and Public Policy Committee, which includes legal/antitrust matters, along with privacy, trade, digital safety, artificial intelligence, and environmental sustainability.^[198]

On March 13, 2020, Gates announced that he is leaving the board of directors of Microsoft and Berkshire Hathaway to focus more on his philanthropic efforts. According to Aaron Tilley of The Wall Street Journal this is «marking the biggest boardroom departure in the tech industry since the death of longtime rival and Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs.»^[199]

On January 13, 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that Microsoft’s board of directors plans to hire an external law firm to review its sexual harassment and gender discrimination policies, and to release a summary of how the company handled past allegations of misconduct against Bill Gates and other corporate executives.^[200]

Chief executives

1. Bill Gates (1975–2000)
2. Steve Ballmer (2000–2014)
3. Satya Nadella (2014–present)

Financial

Картинка с сайта: en.wikipedia.org

When Microsoft went public and launched its initial public offering (IPO) in 1986, the opening stock price was $21; after the trading day, the price closed at $27.75. As of July 2010, with the company’s nine stock splits, any IPO shares would be multiplied by 288; if one were to buy the IPO today, given the splits and other factors, it would cost about 9 cents.^{[10]: 235–236 [202][203]} The stock price peaked in 1999 at around $119 ($60.928, adjusting for splits).^[204] The company began to offer a dividend on January 16, 2003, starting at eight cents per share for the fiscal year followed by a dividend of sixteen cents per share the subsequent year, switching from yearly to quarterly dividends in 2005 with eight cents a share per quarter and a special one-time payout of three dollars per share for the second quarter of the fiscal year.^[204][205] Though the company had subsequent increases in dividend payouts, the price of Microsoft’s stock remained steady for years.^[205][206]

Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s Investors Service have both given a AAA rating to Microsoft, whose assets were valued at $41 billion as compared to only $8.5 billion in unsecured debt. Consequently, in February 2011 Microsoft released a corporate bond amounting to $2.25 billion with relatively low borrowing rates compared to government bonds.^[207] For the first time in 20 years Apple Inc. surpassed Microsoft in Q1 2011 quarterly profits and revenues due to a slowdown in PC sales and continuing huge losses in Microsoft’s Online Services Division (which contains its search engine Bing). Microsoft profits were $5.2 billion, while Apple Inc. profits were $6 billion, on revenues of $14.5 billion and $24.7 billion respectively.^[208] Microsoft’s Online Services Division has been continuously loss-making since 2006 and in Q1 2011 it lost $726 million. This follows a loss of $2.5 billion for the year 2010.^[209]

Sales by region (2023)^[210]

On July 20, 2012, Microsoft posted its first quarterly loss ever, despite earning record revenues for the quarter and fiscal year, with a net loss of $492 million due to a writedown related to the advertising company aQuantive, which had been acquired for $6.2 billion back in 2007.^[211] As of January 2014, Microsoft’s market capitalization stood at $314B,^[212] making it the 8th-largest company in the world by market capitalization.^[213] On November 14, 2014, Microsoft overtook ExxonMobil to become the second most-valuable company by market capitalization, behind only Apple Inc. Its total market value was over $410B—with the stock price hitting $50.04 a share, the highest since early 2000.^[214] In 2015, Reuters reported that Microsoft Corp had earnings abroad of $76.4 billion which were untaxed by the Internal Revenue Service. Under U.S. law, corporations do not pay income tax on overseas profits until the profits are brought into the United States.^[215]

The key trends of Microsoft are (as at the financial year ending June 30):^[216][217]

In November 2018, the company won a $480 million military contract with the U.S. government to bring augmented reality (AR) headset technology into the weapon repertoires of American soldiers. The two-year contract may result in follow-on orders of more than 100,000 headsets, according to documentation describing the bidding process. One of the contract’s tag lines for the augmented reality technology seems to be its ability to enable «25 bloodless battles before the 1st battle», suggesting that actual combat training is going to be an essential aspect of the augmented reality headset capabilities.^[220]

Subsidiaries

Microsoft is an international business. As such, it needs subsidiaries present in whatever national markets it chooses to harvest. An example is Microsoft Canada, which it established in 1985.^[221] Other countries have similar installations, to funnel profits back up to Redmond and to distribute the dividends to the holders of MSFT stock.

Ownership

The 10 largest shareholder of Microsoft in early 2024 were:^[210][222]

Marketing

In 2004, Microsoft commissioned research firms to do independent studies comparing the total cost of ownership (TCO) of Windows Server 2003 to Linux; the firms concluded that companies found Windows easier to administrate than Linux, thus those using Windows would administrate faster resulting in lower costs for their company (i.e. lower TCO).^[223] This spurred a wave of related studies; a study by the Yankee Group concluded that upgrading from one version of Windows Server to another costs a fraction of the switching costs from Windows Server to Linux, although companies surveyed noted the increased security and reliability of Linux servers and concern about being locked into using Microsoft products.^[224] Another study, released by the Open Source Development Labs, claimed that the Microsoft studies were «simply outdated and one-sided» and their survey concluded that the TCO of Linux was lower due to Linux administrators managing more servers on average and other reasons.^[225]

As part of the «Get the Facts» campaign, Microsoft highlighted the .NET Framework trading platform that it had developed in partnership with Accenture for the London Stock Exchange, claiming that it provided «five nines» reliability. After suffering extended downtime and unreliability^[226][227] the London Stock Exchange announced in 2009 that it was planning to drop its Microsoft solution and switch to a Linux-based one in 2010.^[228][229]

In 2012, Microsoft hired a political pollster named Mark Penn, whom The New York Times called «famous for bulldozing» his political opponents^[230] as Executive Vice-president, Advertising and Strategy. Penn created a series of negative advertisements targeting one of Microsoft’s chief competitors, Google. The advertisements, called «Scroogled», attempt to make the case that Google is «screwing» consumers with search results rigged to favor Google’s paid advertisers, that Gmail violates the privacy of its users to place ad results related to the content of their emails and shopping results, which favor Google products. Tech publications like TechCrunch have been highly critical of the advertising campaign,^[231] while Google employees have embraced it.^[232]

Layoffs

In July 2014, Microsoft announced plans to lay off 18,000 employees. Microsoft employed 127,104 people as of June 5, 2014, making this about a 14 percent reduction of its workforce as the biggest Microsoft layoff ever. This included 12,500 professional and factory personnel. Previously, Microsoft had eliminated 5,800 jobs in 2009 in line with the Great Recession of 2008–2017.^[233][234] In September 2014, Microsoft laid off 2,100 people, including 747 people in the Seattle–Redmond area, where the company is headquartered. The firings came as a second wave of the layoffs that were previously announced. This brought the total number to over 15,000 out of the 18,000 expected cuts.^[235] In October 2014, Microsoft revealed that it was almost done with eliminating 18,000 employees, which was its largest-ever layoff sweep.^[236] In July 2015, Microsoft announced another 7,800 job cuts in the next several months.^[237] In May 2016, Microsoft announced another 1,850 job cuts mostly in its Nokia mobile phone division. As a result, the company will record an impairment and restructuring charge of approximately $950 million, of which approximately $200 million will relate to severance payments.^[238]

Microsoft laid off 1,900 employees in its gaming division in January 2024. The layoffs primarily affected Activision Blizzard employees, but some Xbox and ZeniMax employees were also affected.^[239] Blizzard president Mike Ybarra and chief design officer Allen Adham also resigned.^[240]

Unions

Microsoft recognizes seven trade unions^[e] representing 1,750 workers in the United States at its video game subsidiaries Activision Blizzard and ZeniMax Media.^[241] U.S. workers have been vocal in opposing military and law-enforcement contracts with Microsoft.^[242] Bethesda Game Studios is unionized in Canada.^[243] Microsoft South Korea recognizes its union since 2017.^[244][245] German employees have elected works councils since 1998.^[246]

United States government

Microsoft provides information about reported bugs in their software to intelligence agencies of the United States government, prior to the public release of the fix. A Microsoft spokesperson has stated that the corporation runs several programs that facilitate the sharing of such information with the U.S. government.^[247] Following media reports about PRISM, NSA’s massive electronic surveillance program, in May 2013, several technology companies were identified as participants, including Microsoft.^[248] According to leaks of said program, Microsoft joined the PRISM program in 2007.^[249] However, in June 2013, an official statement from Microsoft flatly denied their participation in the program:

«We provide customer data only when we receive a legally binding order or subpoena to do so, and never on a voluntary basis. In addition, we only ever comply with orders for requests about specific accounts or identifiers. If the government has a broader voluntary national security program to gather customer data, we don’t participate in it.»^[250]

During the first six months of 2013, Microsoft received requests that affected between 15,000 and 15,999 accounts.^[251] In December 2013, the company made a statement to further emphasize the fact that they take their customers’ privacy and data protection very seriously, even saying that «government snooping potentially now constitutes an ‘advanced persistent threat,’ alongside sophisticated malware and cyber attacks».^[252] The statement also marked the beginning of three-part program to enhance Microsoft’s encryption and transparency efforts. On July 1, 2014, as part of this program, they opened the first (of many) Microsoft Transparency Center, which provides «participating governments with the ability to review source code for our key products, assure themselves of their software integrity, and confirm there are no «back doors.»^[253] Microsoft has also argued that the United States Congress should enact strong privacy regulations to protect consumer data.^[254]

In April 2016, the company sued the U.S. government, argued that secrecy orders were preventing the company from disclosing warrants to customers in violation of the company’s and customers’ rights. Microsoft argued that it was unconstitutional for the government to indefinitely ban Microsoft from informing its users that the government was requesting their emails and other documents and that the Fourth Amendment made it so people or businesses had the right to know if the government searches or seizes their property. On October 23, 2017, Microsoft said it would drop the lawsuit as a result of a policy change by the United States Department of Justice (DoJ). The DoJ had «changed data request rules on alerting the Internet users about agencies accessing their information.»

In 2022 Microsoft shared a $9 billion contract from the United States Department of Defense for cloud computing with Amazon, Google, and Oracle.^[255]

Security challenges

On a Friday afternoon in January 2024, Microsoft disclosed that a Russian state-sponsored group hacked into its corporate systems. The group, accessed «a very small percentage» of Microsoft corporate email accounts, which also included members of its senior leadership team and employees in its cybersecurity and legal teams.^[256] Microsoft noted in a blog post that the attack might have been prevented if the accounts in question had enabled multi-factor authentication, a defensive measure which is widely recommended in the industry, including by Microsoft itself.^[257]

Corporate identity

Corporate culture

Technical references for developers and articles for various Microsoft magazines such as Microsoft Systems Journal (MSJ) are available through the Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN). MSDN also offers subscriptions for companies and individuals, and the more expensive subscriptions usually offer access to pre-release beta versions of Microsoft software.^[258][259] In April 2004, Microsoft launched a community site for developers and users, titled Channel 9, that provides a wiki and an Internet forum.^[260] Another community site that provides daily videocasts and other services, On10.net, launched on March 3, 2006.^[261] Free technical support is traditionally provided through online Usenet newsgroups, and CompuServe in the past, monitored by Microsoft employees; there can be several newsgroups for a single product. Helpful people can be elected by peers or Microsoft employees for Microsoft Most Valuable Professional (MVP) status, which entitles them to a sort of special social status and possibilities for awards and other benefits.^[262]

Noted for its internal lexicon, the expression «eating your own dog food» is used to describe the policy of using pre-release and beta versions of products inside Microsoft to test them in «real-world» situations.^[263] This is usually shortened to just «dog food» and is used as a noun, verb, and adjective. Another bit of jargon, FYIFV or FYIV («Fuck You, I’m [Fully] Vested»), is used by an employee to indicate they are financially independent and can avoid work anytime they wish.^[264]

Microsoft is an outspoken opponent of the cap on H-1B visas, which allows companies in the U.S. to employ certain foreign workers. Bill Gates claims the cap on H1B visas makes it difficult to hire employees for the company, stating «I’d certainly get rid of the H1B cap» in 2005.^[265] Critics of H1B visas argue that relaxing the limits would result in increased unemployment for U.S. citizens due to H1B workers working for lower salaries.^[266]

The Human Rights Campaign Corporate Equality Index, a report of how progressive the organization deems company policies towards LGBT employees, rated Microsoft as 87% from 2002 to 2004 and as 100% from 2005 to 2010 after they allowed gender expression.^[267]

In August 2018, Microsoft implemented a policy for all companies providing subcontractors to require 12 weeks of paid parental leave to each employee. This expands on the former requirement from 2015 requiring 15 days of paid vacation and sick leave each year.^[268] In 2015, Microsoft established its own parental leave policy to allow 12 weeks off for parental leave with an additional 8 weeks for the parent who gave birth.^[269]

Environment

In 2011, Greenpeace released a report rating the top ten big brands in cloud computing on their sources of electricity for their data centers. At the time, data centers consumed up to 2% of all global electricity, and this amount was projected to increase. Phil Radford of Greenpeace said, «We are concerned that this new explosion in electricity use could lock us into old, polluting energy sources instead of the clean energy available today»,^[270] and called on «Amazon, Microsoft and other leaders of the information-technology industry must embrace clean energy to power their cloud-based data centers».^[271] In 2013, Microsoft agreed to buy power generated by a Texas wind project to power one of its data centers.^[272]

Microsoft is ranked on the 17th place in Greenpeace’s Guide to Greener Electronics (16th Edition) that ranks 18 electronics manufacturers according to their policies on toxic chemicals, recycling, and climate change.^[273] Microsoft’s timeline for phasing out brominated flame retardant (BFRs) and phthalates in all products was 2012 but its commitment to phasing out PVC is not clear. As of January 2011, it has no products that are completely free from PVC and BFRs.^{[274][needs update]}

Microsoft’s main U.S. campus received a silver certification from the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program in 2008, and it installed over 2,000 solar panels on top of its buildings at its Silicon Valley campus, generating approximately 15 percent of the total energy needed by the facilities in April 2005.^[275] Microsoft makes use of alternative forms of transit. It created one of the world’s largest private bus systems, the «Connector», to transport people from outside the company; for on-campus transportation, the «Shuttle Connect» uses a large fleet of hybrid cars to save fuel. The «Connector» does not compete with the public bus system and works with it to provide a cohesive transportation network not just for its employees but also for the public.^[276]

Microsoft also subsidizes regional public transport, provided by Sound Transit and King County Metro, as an incentive.^[275][277] In February 2010, however, Microsoft took a stance against adding additional public transport and high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes to the State Route 520 and its floating bridge connecting Redmond to Seattle; the company did not want to delay the construction any further.^[278] Microsoft was ranked number 1 in the list of the World’s Best Multinational Workplaces by the Great Place to Work Institute in 2011.^[279]

In January 2020, the company announced a strategy to take the company carbon negative by 2030 and to remove all carbon that it has emitted since its foundation in 1975.^{[280][281][282]} On October 9, 2020, Microsoft permanently allowed remote work.^[283] In January 2021, the company announced on Twitter to join the Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact, which engages the cloud infrastructure and data centers industries to reach carbon neutrality in Europe by 2030, and also disclosed an investment in Climeworks, a direct air capture company partnered with Carbfix for carbon sequestration.^{[list 1]} In the same year, it was awarded the EPA’s Green Power Leadership Award, citing the company’s all-renewable energy use since 2014.^[289]

In September 2023, Microsoft announced that it purchased $200 million in carbon credits to offset 315,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide over 10 years from Heirloom Carbon, a carbon removal company that mixes calcium oxide from heated crushed limestone with water to form carbon hydroxide to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to mineralize back into limestone while the released carbon dioxide is stored underground or injected into concrete.^[290][291] Despite spending spent more than $760 million through its Climate Innovation Fund by June 2024 on sustainability projects—including purchases of more than 5 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide removal with carbon offsets and more than 34 megawatts of renewable energy—Microsoft’s Scope 3 emissions had increased by 31% from the company’s 2020 baseline, which caused the company’s total emissions to rise by 29% in 2023.^[292]

In 2023 Microsoft consumed 24 TWh of electricity, more than countries such as Iceland, Ghana, the Dominican Republic, or Tunisia.^[293]

Headquarters

The corporate headquarters, informally known as the Microsoft Redmond campus, is located at One Microsoft Way in Redmond, Washington. Microsoft initially moved onto the grounds of the campus on February 26, 1986, weeks before the company went public on March 13. The headquarters has since experienced multiple expansions since its establishment. It is estimated to encompass over 8 million ft² (750,000 m²) of office space and 30,000–40,000 employees.^[294] Additional offices are located in Bellevue and Issaquah, Washington (90,000 employees worldwide). The company is planning to upgrade its Mountain View, California, campus on a grand scale. The company has occupied this campus since 1981. In 2016, the company bought the 32-acre (13 ha) campus, with plans to renovate and expand it by 25%.^[295] Microsoft operates an East Coast headquarters in Charlotte, North Carolina.^[296]

In April 2024, it was announced that Microsoft would be opening a state-of-the-art artificial intelligence ‘hub’ around Paddington in London, England. It was announced that the division would be led by Jordan Hoffman, who previously worked for Deepmind and Inflection.^[297]

Flagship stores

On October 26, 2015, the company opened its retail location on Fifth Avenue in New York City. The location features a five-story glass storefront and is 22,270 square feet.^[298] As per company executives, Microsoft had been on the lookout for a flagship location since 2009.^[299] The company’s retail locations are part of a greater strategy to help build a connection with its consumers. The opening of the store coincided with the launch of the Surface Book and Surface Pro 4.^[300] On November 12, 2015, Microsoft opened a second flagship store, located in Sydney’s Pitt Street Mall.^[301]

Logo

Microsoft adopted the so-called «Pac-Man Logo», designed by Scott Baker, on February 26, 1987, with the concept being similar to InFocus Corporation logo that was adapted a year earlier in 1986. Baker stated «The new logo, in Helvetica italic typeface, has a slash between the o and s to emphasize the «soft» part of the name and convey motion and speed».^[302] Dave Norris ran an internal joke campaign to save the old logo, which was green, in all uppercase, and featured a fanciful letter O, nicknamed the blibbet, but it was discarded.^[303]

Microsoft’s logo with the tagline «Your potential. Our passion.»—below the main corporate name—is based on a slogan Microsoft used in 2008. In 2002, the company started using the logo in the United States and eventually started a television campaign with the slogan, changed from the previous tagline of «Where do you want to go today?»^{[304][305][306]} During the private MGX (Microsoft Global Exchange) conference in 2010, Microsoft unveiled the company’s next tagline, «Be What’s Next.»^[307] They also had a slogan/tagline «Making it all make sense.»^[308] The Microsoft Pac-Man logo was used for 25 years, 5 months, and 28 days until August 23, 2012, being the longest enduring logo to be used by the company.

On August 23, 2012, Microsoft unveiled a new corporate logo at the opening of its 23rd Microsoft store in Boston, indicating the company’s shift of focus from the classic style to the tile-centric modern interface, which it uses/will use on the Windows Phone platform, Xbox 360, Windows 8 and the upcoming Office Suites.^[309] The new logo also includes four squares with the colors of the then-current Windows logo which have been used to represent Microsoft’s four major products: Windows (blue), Office (orange), Xbox (green) and Bing (yellow).^[310] The logo also resembles the opening of one of the commercials for Windows 95.^[311][312]

• Microsoft logo history

• ca. 1975 – 1980: First Microsoft logo.

• 1980–June 25, 1982: Second Microsoft logo.

• June 25, 1982 – February 26, 1987: Third Microsoft logo.

• February 26, 1987 – August 23, 2012: Microsoft «Pac-Man» logo, designed by Scott Baker.^[304][305]

• August 23, 2012–present: Fifth and current Microsoft logo.^[313]

The company was the official jersey sponsor of Finland’s national basketball team at EuroBasket 2015,^[314] a major sponsor of the Toyota Gazoo Racing WRT (2017–2020) and a sponsor of the Renault F1 Team (2016–2020).

Philanthropy

In 2015, Microsoft Philanthropies, an internal charitable organization, was established to bring the benefits of technology and the digital revolution to areas and groups that lack them. The organisation’s key areas of focus are: donating cloud computing resources to university researchers and nonprofit groups; supporting the expansion of broadband access worldwide; funding international computer science education through YouthSpark; supporting tech education in the U.S. from kindergarten to high school; and donating to global child and refugee relief organizations.^[315][316]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Microsoft’s president, Brad Smith, announced that an initial batch of supplies, including 15,000 protection goggles, infrared thermometers, medical caps, and protective suits, was donated to Seattle, with further aid to come soon.^[317]

During Russian invasion of Ukraine Microsoft started monitoring cyberattacks originating from the Government of Russia and Russia-backed hackers. In June 2022, Microsoft published the report on Russian cyber attacks and concluded that state-backed Russian hackers «have engaged in «strategic espionage» against governments, think tanks, businesses and aid groups» in 42 countries supporting Kyiv.^[318][319]

Controversies

Criticism of Microsoft has followed various aspects of its products and business practices. Frequently criticized are the ease of use, robustness, and security of the company’s software. They have also been criticized for the use of permatemp employees (employees employed for years as «temporary», and therefore without medical benefits), the use of forced retention tactics, which means that employees would be sued if they tried to leave.^[320] Historically, Microsoft has also been accused of overworking employees, in many cases, leading to burnout within just a few years of joining the company. The company is often referred to as a «Velvet Sweatshop», a term which originated in a 1989 Seattle Times article,^[321] and later became used to describe the company by some of Microsoft’s own employees.^[322] This characterization is derived from the perception that Microsoft provides nearly everything for its employees in a convenient place, but in turn overworks them to a point where it would be bad for their (possibly long-term) health.

As reported by several news outlets,^[323][324] an Irish subsidiary of Microsoft based in the Republic of Ireland declared £220 bn in profits but paid no corporation tax for the year 2020. This is due to the company being tax resident in Bermuda as mentioned in the accounts for ‘Microsoft Round Island One, a subsidiary that collects license fees from the use of Microsoft software worldwide. Dame Margaret Hodge, a Labour MP in the UK said, «It is unsurprising – yet still shocking – that massively wealthy global corporations openly, unashamedly and blatantly refuse to pay tax on the profits they make in the countries where they undertake business».^[324]

In 2020, ProPublica reported that the company had diverted more than $39 billion in U.S. profits to Puerto Rico using a mechanism structured to make it seem as if the company was unprofitable on paper. As a result, the company paid a tax rate on those profits of «nearly 0%». When the Internal Revenue Service audited these transactions, ProPublica reported that Microsoft aggressively fought back, including successfully lobbying Congress to change the law to make it harder for the agency to conduct audits of large corporations.^[325][326] In 2023, Microsoft reported in a securities filing that the U.S. Internal Revenue Service was alleging that the company owed the U.S. $28.9 billion in past taxes, plus penalties related to mis-allocation of corporate profits over a decade.^[327]

«Embrace, extend, and extinguish» (EEE),^[328] also known as «embrace, extend, and exterminate,»^[329] is a phrase that the U.S. Department of Justice found^[330] that was used internally by Microsoft^[331] to describe its strategy for entering product categories involving widely used standards, extending those standards with proprietary capabilities, and then using those differences to strongly disadvantage competitors. Microsoft is frequently accused of using anticompetitive tactics and abusing its monopolistic power. People who use their products and services often end up becoming dependent on them, a process is known as vendor lock-in.

Microsoft was the first company to participate in the PRISM surveillance program, according to leaked NSA documents obtained by The Guardian^[332] and The Washington Post^[333] in June 2013, and acknowledged by government officials following the leak.^[334] The program authorizes the government to secretly access data of non-US citizens hosted by American companies without a warrant. Microsoft has denied participation in such a program.^[335]

Jesse Jackson believes Microsoft should hire more minorities and women. In 2015, he praised Microsoft for appointing two women to its board of directors.^[336]

In 2020, Salesforce, the manufacturer of the Slack platform, complained to European regulators about Microsoft due to the integration of the Teams service into Office 365. Negotiations with the European Commission continued until the summer of 2023, but, as it became known to the media, they reached an impasse. Microsoft is now facing an antitrust investigation.^[337]

In June 2024, Microsoft Corp. faced a potential EU fine after regulators accused it of abusing market power by bundling its Teams video-conferencing app with its Office 365 and Microsoft 365 software. The European Commission issued a statement of objections, alleging Microsoft’s practice since 2019 gave Teams an unfair market advantage and limited interoperability with competing software. Despite Microsoft’s efforts to avoid deeper scrutiny, including unbundling Teams, regulators remained unconvinced. This action followed a 2019 complaint from Slack, which was later acquired by Salesforce. Microsoft’s Teams usage soared during the pandemic, growing from 2 million daily users in 2017 to 300 million in 2023. The company has a history of antitrust battles in the U.S. and Europe, with over €2 billion in EU fines previously imposed for similar abuses.^[338]

In October 2024, Microsoft fired two employees who organized an unauthorized vigil at its Redmond headquarters to honor Palestinians killed in the Gaza war. The employees, part of the group «No Azure for Apartheid,» sought to address the company’s involvement in the Israeli government’s use of its technology.^[339] On 20 March 2025, before an event at Seattle’s Great Hall with Brad Smith and Steve Ballmer, protestors projected «Microsoft powers genocide» on the wall. Subsequently, two employees interrupted AI executive Mustafa Suleyman at a speaking event on 4 April 2025 in protest at the company’s support of Israel.^[340] The Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement added Microsoft to its list of targets for partnering «with the apartheid regime of Israel and its prison system».^[341]

In November 2024, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) launched an investigation into Microsoft, focusing on potential antitrust violations related to its cloud computing, AI, and cybersecurity businesses. The probe scrutinized Microsoft’s bundling of cloud services with products like Office and security tools, as well as its growing AI presence through its partnership with OpenAI. This inquiry is part of broader efforts by the U.S. government to curb the power of major tech companies, especially under FTC chair Lina Khan. Concerns were raised about Microsoft’s licensing practices potentially locking customers into its services and its AI investments possibly sidestepping regulatory oversight.^[342]

See also

• List of mergers and acquisitions by Microsoft
• Microsoft engineering groups
• Microsoft Enterprise Agreement

Notes

References

Bundled references

External links

47°38′33″N 122°07′56″W / 47.64250°N 122.13222°W

Детище Microsoft

Microsoft Corporation,
широко известная как Microsoft,
— американская многонациональная технологическая компания, основанная
Биллом Гейтсом и Полом Алленом 4 апреля 1975 года. Штаб-квартира компании
расположена в Редмонде, штат Вашингтон.

Компания впервые стала известна благодаря разработке и
продаже дисковой операционной системы Microsoft (MS-DOS), которая использовалась
в персональных компьютерах IBM.
Однако 1985 году Microsoft
выпустила Windows,
которая быстро стала доминирующей операционной системой для персональных
компьютеров и сделала ее лидером рынка.

На протяжении 1990-х и 2000-х годов Microsoft продолжала доминировать на
рынке персональных компьютеров именно благодаря своей операционной системе Windows и пакету программного
обеспечения Office.

Сейчас Microsoft
является одной из крупнейших технологических компаний в мире с рыночной
капитализацией более 2 триллионов долларов. В компании работает более 181 000
сотрудников по всему миру, а ее деятельность осуществляется в более чем 190
странах.

С чего все началось

Картинка с сайта: digitalocean.ru

История операционной системы Windows началась в начале 1980-х
годов, когда соучредитель компании Microsoft Билл Гейтс осознал потенциал
графических пользовательских интерфейсов (GUI) в вычислительной технике. Он
представлял себе удобную операционную систему, которая могла бы работать на
IBM-совместимых персональных компьютерах.

В 1983 году компания Microsoft начала разработку
операционной системы на основе графического интерфейса пользователя под
названием Windows, которая должна была работать поверх существующей
операционной системы MS-DOS. Первая версия, Windows 1.0, была выпущена в 1985
году и имела простой интерфейс с плиточными окнами, выпадающими меню и системой
навигации с помощью мыши.

Windows 2.0 была выпущена в 1987 году и содержала
значительные усовершенствования, включая возможность перекрытия окон и улучшенные
графические возможности. За ней последовала Windows 3.0 в 1990 году, которая
стала первой широко успешной версией Windows, было продано более 10 миллионов
копий.

Windows 95 была выпущена в 1995 году и стала важной вехой в
истории операционной системы Windows. В ней появились знаковое меню «Пуск» и
панель задач, которые стали неотъемлемой частью пользовательского интерфейса
Windows. Она также отличалась повышенной производительностью и стабильностью, а
также поддержкой оборудования Plug and Play.

Последующие версии Windows: Windows 98, Windows 2000 и
Windows NT — продолжали развивать эти улучшения и добавляли
новые функции, такие как подключение к Интернету и улучшенные мультимедийные
возможности.

В 2001 году компания Microsoft выпустила Windows XP, которая
представляла собой значительную переработку операционной системы и ввела ряд
новых функций, включая переработанный пользовательский интерфейс, улучшенную
производительность и встроенную поддержку беспроводных сетей.

С тех пор Microsoft продолжает выпускать новые версии
Windows, включая Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10 и Windows 11.
Каждая новая версия привносит новые функции и улучшения.

Сегодня Windows — самая распространенная операционная
система в мире, насчитывающая более 1,3 миллиарда активных пользователей.

Развитие пользовательского интерфейса

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За прошедшие годы интерфейс Windows претерпел множество
изменений, предлагая пользователям все больше удобств.

Windows 1.0 (1985): Первая версия Windows имела простой
графический интерфейс пользователя (GUI), который позволял пользователям
использовать мышь для навигации по меню и открытия программ.

Windows 95 (1995): В этой версии появилось знаковое меню «Пуск»,
которое позволяло пользователям быстро открывать программы и файлы. В ней также
появилась панель задач, которая отображала запущенные программы и позволяла
пользователям переключаться между ними.

Windows XP (2001): В Windows XP были переработаны меню «Пуск»
и панель задач, которые имели более современный вид. В ней также были
представлены визуальные стили, которые позволяли пользователям настраивать
внешний вид операционной системы.

Windows Vista (2006): В Vista был значительно переработан
пользовательский интерфейс с новой темой Aero, включающей полупрозрачные окна и
анимацию. В ней также появилась боковая панель, которая позволяла пользователям
добавлять и настраивать гаджеты.

Windows 7 (2009): Windows 7 усовершенствовала тему Aero,
представленную в Vista, улучшила производительность и добавила новые функции,
такие как Jump Lists, которые обеспечивали быстрый доступ к часто используемым
файлам.

Windows 8 (2012): Windows 8 существенно отличается от
предыдущих версий Windows, представляя собой интерфейс, ориентированный на
сенсорное управление и оптимизированный для планшетов и других сенсорных
устройств. Меню «Пуск» было заменено полноэкранным экраном «Пуск» с живыми
плитками, отображающими информацию и обновления приложений.

Windows 10 (2015): Windows 10 объединила традиционный
интерфейс рабочего стола с сенсорно-ориентированным дизайном Windows 8, вновь
представив меню «Пуск» и добавив новые функции, такие как Task View и
виртуальные рабочие столы. В ней также была представлена система Fluent Design
System, которая обеспечивает более современный и последовательный внешний вид и
ощущение на различных устройствах и в приложениях.

Windows 11 (2021): появился новый вариант многозадачности с
большим количеством окон, обновленный проводник имеет современный и более
чистый вид с новыми элементами дизайна пользовательского интерфейса, появились
макеты прикрепления с двумя колонками для упрощения многозадачности. Также Windows
11 поддерживает анимированный фон экрана блокировки на компьютерах, оснащенных
акселерометром.

Провалы и неудачи

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Хотя у каждой версии Windows есть свои сильные и слабые
стороны, некоторые считаются неудачными и провалились в продажах. Обычно к ним
относят следующие версии:

Windows ME (Millennium Edition): выпущенная в 2000 году,
Windows ME страдала от проблем со стабильностью и совместимостью, ее
критиковали за низкую производительность, частые сбои и отсутствие новых
функций. Она не была хорошо принята критиками и потребителями, и считается
одной из худших версий Windows.

Windows Vista: хотя Vista внесла несколько значительных
улучшений по сравнению со своей предшественницей, Windows XP, она также
страдала от проблем с производительностью и совместимостью, а также от высоких
системных требований. Vista критиковали за медлительность, ошибки и отсутствие
новых интересных функций, что заставило многих пользователей отказаться от нее
или перейти на Windows XP.

Windows 8: Ориентируясь на удобные сенсорные интерфейсы и
мобильные устройства, Windows 8 значительно отличалась от предыдущих версий
Windows и столкнулась с критикой со стороны пользователей, которые сочли новый
интерфейс запутанным и сложным в использовании на настольных компьютерах и
ноутбуках. Отказ от традиционного меню «Пуск» и ставка на начальный экран также
вызвали критику.

Стоит отметить, что даже в этих версиях были свои сильные
стороны и были представлены некоторые инновационные функции, но они не были
приняты пользователями.

Особенности системы

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Операционная система Windows имеет различные особенности,
которые делают ее популярной и широко используемой. Вот некоторые из них:

Пользовательский интерфейс: Windows предоставляет
графический интерфейс пользователя (GUI), который прост в использовании и
настраивается. Пользователи могут легко перемещаться по различным приложениям и
настройкам.

Многозадачность: Windows позволяет пользователям запускать
несколько приложений одновременно, что облегчает переключение между различными
программами.

Управление файлами: Windows имеет мощную систему управления
файлами, которая позволяет легко организовывать, искать и извлекать файлы.

Совместимость: Windows совместима с широким спектром
аппаратного и программного обеспечения, что облегчает поиск совместимых
устройств и приложений.

Безопасность: Windows имеет встроенные функции безопасности,
такие как антивирус и брандмауэр, которые помогают защитить пользователей от
вредоносных программ и других угроз безопасности.

Регулярные обновления: Windows регулярно обновляется для
повышения производительности, исправления ошибок и добавления новых функций.

Универсальные приложения: Windows имеет платформу
универсальных приложений, которая позволяет разработчикам создавать приложения,
которые могут работать на различных устройствах, включая ПК, планшеты и
смартфоны.

Cortana: Cortana — это персональный цифровой помощник,
который может помочь пользователям в решении различных задач, таких как
установка напоминаний, планирование встреч и поиск информации в Интернете.

Microsoft Store: Microsoft Store — это цифровой магазин, где
пользователи могут загружать приложения, игры и другой контент.

Игры: Windows также является популярной платформой для игр,
поддерживая DirectX и другие игровые технологии.

Модели распространения

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Microsoft использует различные модели коммерческого
распространения своей операционной системы Windows, включая:

Розничная торговля: Windows можно приобрести в розничных
магазинах в виде коробочных пакетов программного обеспечения, включающих
установочные диски и лицензионные ключи.

OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer): Windows
предустановлена на компьютерах и устройствах, продаваемых такими
производителями, как Dell, HP и Lenovo. Эти производители приобретают лицензии
на Windows у Microsoft и устанавливают операционную систему на свои устройства,
прежде чем продавать их потребителям.

Объемное лицензирование: Эта модель предназначена для
предприятий и организаций, которым необходимо установить Windows на несколько
компьютеров. Microsoft предлагает лицензии на объем, которые позволяют
организациям устанавливать Windows на определенное количество устройств, как
правило, по более низкой цене за лицензию, чем розничные или OEM-лицензии.

Подписка: Microsoft предлагает модель Windows на основе
подписки под названием Microsoft 365, которая включает доступ к операционной
системе, приложениям Microsoft Office и другим облачным сервисам. Эта модель
предназначена для предприятий и частных лиц, которые хотят вносить ежемесячную
или ежегодную плату за доступ к программному обеспечению и услугам Microsoft.

В целом, модели коммерческого распространения Windows
позволяют Microsoft охватить широкий круг клиентов, от индивидуальных
потребителей до крупных организаций, предлагая различные варианты ценообразования
и лицензирования.

В России сейчас есть определенные затруднения с покупкой
лицензий, но они преодолимы.

Альтернативы – преимущества и недостатки

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Windows, Linux и MacOS — три популярные операционные
системы, используемые частными лицами и предприятиями по всему миру. Каждая из
них имеет свои уникальные особенности и характеристики, которые отличают ее от
других. Вот некоторые ключевые различия между Windows, Linux и MacOS, а также
их преимущества и недостатки.

Пользовательский интерфейс:

Одно из самых значительных различий между тремя
операционными системами — это пользовательский интерфейс. Windows известна
своим простым и легким в использовании интерфейсом, который делает ее удобной
для начинающих пользователей. Linux, с другой стороны, предлагает настраиваемый
интерфейс, который может быть настроен по вкусу пользователя. MacOS имеет
изящный и минималистичный интерфейс, в котором основное внимание уделяется
эстетике и простоте использования.

Открытый исходный код против закрытого:

Linux — это операционная система с открытым исходным кодом,
что означает, что исходный код доступен для всех желающих, его можно свободно
просматривать, изменять и распространять. Windows и MacOS являются
операционными системами с закрытым исходным кодом, что означает, что исходный
код недоступен для общественности.

Доступность программного обеспечения:

Windows имеет самую большую библиотеку программного
обеспечения и поддержку, так как это самая распространенная операционная
система в мире. MacOS имеет меньшую библиотеку программного обеспечения, но она
предлагает высококачественное программное обеспечение, оптимизированное для
этой платформы. Linux имеет обширную коллекцию программного обеспечения с
открытым исходным кодом, но найти совместимое с ней коммерческое программное
обеспечение может быть сложнее.

Безопасность:

Windows считается наиболее уязвимой для вирусов и
вредоносных программ, что делает ее частой мишенью для хакеров. MacOS известна
как более безопасная, чем Windows, но и она не полностью защищена от угроз
безопасности. Linux — самая безопасная из трех систем, с меньшим количеством
уязвимостей в безопасности благодаря своей природе с открытым исходным кодом,
что позволяет чаще получать исправления и обновления.

Совместимость оборудования:

Windows совместима с широким спектром аппаратного
обеспечения, что делает ее популярной среди геймеров и пользователей, которым
требуется высококлассное оборудование. MacOS имеет ограниченный спектр
аппаратных возможностей, поскольку она доступна только на устройствах Apple.
Linux имеет ограниченную совместимость с оборудованием, но популярен для работы
на старых машинах и серверах.

Преимущества Windows:

Большая библиотека программного обеспечения и поддержка

Удобный интерфейс

Совместимость с широким спектром аппаратных средств

Широко используется и знакома многим пользователям

Недостатки Windows:

Уязвимость к вирусам и вредоносным программам

Закрытый исходный код

Ограниченные возможности настройки

Преимущества MacOS:

Изящный и минималистичный интерфейс

Высококачественное программное обеспечение

Повышенная безопасность по сравнению с Windows

Интеграция с устройствами Apple

Недостатки MacOS:

Ограниченная совместимость с аппаратным обеспечением

Меньшая библиотека программного обеспечения

Закрытый исходный код

Преимущества Linux:

Код с открытым исходным кодом

Высоко настраиваемый интерфейс

Более безопасный, чем Windows и
MacOS

Свободен в использовании и распространении

Недостатки Linux:

Ограниченная совместимость с коммерческим программным
обеспечением

Может быть более сложным для начинающих пользователей

Ограниченная совместимость с аппаратным обеспечением

Перспективы развития Windows

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Основываясь на отраслевых тенденциях, можно сделать
предположения о направлениях развития Windows.

Интеграция облака: Microsoft продвигает интеграцию облака с
Windows, облегчая пользователям доступ к облачным службам прямо с рабочего
стола. Сюда входят такие функции, как интеграция OneDrive, поддержка Azure
Active Directory и Windows Virtual Desktop.

Безопасность: В связи с ростом числа кибератак компания
Microsoft уделяет большое внимание повышению безопасности Windows. Сюда входят
такие функции, как распознавание лица Windows Hello, улучшенная биометрическая
аутентификация и интеграция с Microsoft Defender for Endpoint.

Интеграция искусственного интеллекта: Microsoft работает над
интеграцией искусственного интеллекта в Windows, чтобы обеспечить более
интеллектуальный и персонализированный опыт для пользователей. Сюда входят
такие функции, как Cortana, виртуальный помощник на базе ИИ, который может
помочь пользователям в решении задач, и платформа Windows AI, которая
предоставляет разработчикам инструменты для создания интеллектуальных
приложений.

Интеграция между устройствами: Microsoft работает над
созданием более унифицированного опыта работы на различных устройствах, включая
ПК с Windows, планшеты и смартфоны. Это включает в себя такие функции, как
приложение Your Phone, которое позволяет пользователям получать доступ к своему
смартфону с ПК, и Windows Timeline, которая обеспечивает временную шкалу
действий на разных устройствах.

Пользовательский интерфейс: Microsoft вносит изменения в
пользовательский интерфейс Windows, чтобы сделать его более современным и
удобным. Сюда входит внедрение системы Fluent Design System, которая
обеспечивает более плавный и интуитивно понятный интерфейс, а также добавление
темного режима, который снижает напряжение глаз и увеличивает время автономной
работы на устройствах с OLED-экранами.

Это лишь несколько примеров направлений развития Windows.
Microsoft постоянно развивает и адаптирует Windows для удовлетворения
меняющихся потребностей пользователей и технологического ландшафта.