- Ознакомьтесь с заметками о выпуске и требованиями к системе для Windows Server 2016.
- Зарегистрируйтесь, скачайте файл и выполните установку. Срок действия ознакомительных выпусков Windows Server 2016 — 180 дней.
- Ознакомьтесь с ресурсами в полученном сообщении электронной почты. Они помогут вам оценить продукт.
Рекомендации по установке
После установки примените последний пакет обновления.
- Перейдите в каталог Центра обновления Майкрософт и выполните поиск по фразе Windows Server 2016.
- Ознакомительные версии Windows Server нужно активировать через Интернет в течение 10 дней. Иначе система будет автоматически завершать работу.
Возможность развертывания Nano Server на хост-компьютерах и виртуальных машинах поддерживалась в ISO-файлах ознакомительной версии Windows Server 2016 до весеннего выпуска Windows Server в 2018 году. Начиная с осеннего выпуска 2017 года, Nano Server был оптимизирован только для использования в контейнерах, а вариант Server Core стал доступен для развертывания на хост-компьютерах и виртуальных машинах.
Корпорация Microsoft выпустила серверную операционную систему Windows Server 2016, дополнив ее поддержкой контейнеров и новым изданием Nano Server. Windows Server 2016 разрабатывалась несколько лет и параллельно с совершенствованием ОС выходили ее предварительные версии. С 1 октября 2016 года доступна линейка продуктов Windows Server 2016, состоящая из шести изданий: WS 2016 Datacenter, Standard, Essentials, MultiPoint Premium Server, CAL, Windows Remote Desktop Services CAL 2016.
Одним из основных направлений при разработке Microsoft Server 2016 стала поддержка публичных и частных облаков. Многие инновации Windows Server 2016 заимствованы из Azure и доведены до уровня мейнстрима. В Windows Server 2016 также значительно усовершенствован гипервизор Hyper-V, появилась поддержка контейнеров и Nano Server – новая «урезанная» версия Windows Server. Цель все та же – нативная поддержка облачных приложений.
10 причин полюбить Windows Server 2016: безопасность (управление привилегиями/идентификационными данными, средства защиты), платформа для приложений (Nano Server, контейнеры), платформа для программно-определяемых дата-центров (вычисления, хранение данных, сетевые функции, RDS), управление (средства управления сервером, новая версия PowerShell).
По сути эта ОС напоминает Windows 10 в серверном исполнении. В Server 2016 используется то же ядро, что и в Windows 10 Anniversary, и, введя ver в командной строке, вы получите тот же ответ: Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.14393]. В Windows Server 2016 — то же меню «Пуск», что и в Windows 10 Anniversary (при инсталляции с Desktop Experience).
Windows Server 2016, теперь с «рабочим столом» Windows 10.
Что интересного можно отметить? В списке Microsoft – более 40 новых средств, включая вложенную виртуализацию для контейнеров Hyper-V и развертывания хостов Hyper-V в Azure или других публичных облаках. Многие новые средства Hyper-V относятся к созданию и обслуживанию гостевых ВМ.
Можно «на лету» менять емкость виртуальных дисков, памяти, добавлять и удалять виртуальные сетевые карты. Виртуальным машинам можно предоставлять дискретный доступ к устройствам на шине PCIe, таким как контроллеры дисков. А кластер Windows Server 2012 R2 с Hyper-V можно обновить до Server 2016 без прерывания сервисов.
Конечно, некоторые решения не дешевы, а потому к категории массовых не относятся. Например, защищенная от аварий конфигурация с двумя разнесенными на разные площадки системами Azure Stack. Конечно, можно запустить Azure Stack и на одном сервере, но, скорее, с целью тестирования. Тем не менее, большинство изменений касаются самого широкого круга пользователей.
Обновленный гипервизор
Многочисленным доработкам подвергся гипервизор Hyper-V. Можно выделить следующие изменения:
- Клиент Hyper-V поддерживает Windows 10.
- Совместимость с Connected Standby.
- Назначение дискретного устройства.
- Мониторинг активности виртуальных машин для оптимизации использования системных ресурсов (RCT).
- Использование альтернативных аккаунтов при подключении к другой системе Windows Server 2016.
- Обновленный протокол управления и другие улучшения.
Новые функциональные возможности Hyper-V – самые востребованные и ожидаемые новшества Windows Server 2016 (по данным опроса SpiceWorks). Их отмечают более 30% респондентов.
В нем появилась и поддержка вложенной виртуализации (Nested virtualization), позволяющая запускать виртуальные машины на гипервизоре, который сам установлен в виртуальном окружении.
Вложенная виртуализация означает, что можно запустить Hyper-V в ВМ, являющейся гостевой на сервере Hyper-V, гостевом на сервере Hyper-V и т.д.
Такая возможность может быть актуальной для разработчиков и моделирования виртуальных инфраструктур, а также для более эффективного использования контейнерных приложений. Устранены и многие прежние ограничения.
Hyper-V в Server 2016 стал более масштабируемым.
Теперь Microsoft Hyper-V позволяет выделять виртуальной машине до 12 Тбайт ОЗУ (вместо одного) и до 240 виртуальных процессоров (вместо 64). Хост Hyper-V поддерживает ОЗУ до 24 Тбайт. Для снижения непроизводительных потерь и усиления безопасности на хосте Hyper-V можно запустить Nano Server. Для администрирования в этом случае можно использовать PowerShell и удаленный доступ.
Безопасность
В Windows Server 2016 дальнейшее развитие получили механизмы обеспечения безопасности. В частности, в отдельный контейнер Hyper-V под названием Virtual Security Module (VSM) помещены самые ценные системные данные, криптографические модули Windows Server 2016, компоненты, отвечающие за целостность ядра ОС, пароли и пр. Доступ к этим данным невозможен даже при компрометации системы.
Еще одно важное средство — виртуальный TPM (Trusted Platform Module), позволяющий задействовать в виртуальных машинах средства шифрования с использованием Bitlocker, и Credential Guard для безопасного хранения идентификационных данных. Применение Virtual TPM особенно актуально, например, при размещении ВМ в облаке.
Host Guardian Service – важный компонент обеспечения безопасности. Он работает в сочетании с другими компонентами Windows Server 2016 и обеспечивает высокий уровень защиты Shielded VM.
В плане безопасности интересным решением стали защищенные виртуальные машины — Shielded VM, но для их создания требуется Windows Server Datacenter и отдельный сервер со службой Host Guardian Service для хранения ключей и проверки прав ВМ на запуск на конкретной платформе.
Host Guardian Service используется для верификации запуска Shielded VM. А с помощью инструментария Guarded Fabric можно гибко сконфигурировать сетевую инфраструктуру и разбить ее на отдельные изолированные сетевые сегменты.
Технология Shielded VM позволяет создавать в облачной инфраструктуре защищенные виртуальные машины, доступ к которым может получить только их владелец. Администратору разрешено только включать и выключать такие виртуальные машины. Вмешиваться в их работу, читать данные, перехватывать трафик, менять их конфигурацию он не имеет права. Механизм Shielded VM может быть востребован хостинг-провайдерами, предоставляющими услуги аренды виртуальных серверов.
Возможность подключения виртуального дисплея к ВМ средствами администрирования Hyper-V в Shielded VM также заблокирована. Как же исправить ВМ, если что-то пошло не так, и она не запускается? На этот случая Microsoft предлагает хитрое решение – запуск такой ВМ внутри другой Shielded VM. При создании Shielded VM нужно также учитывать, что требования к системным ресурсам у них повышенные.
Улучшенный PowerShell обеспечивает более легкий и всесторонний контроль над средами, что значительно повышает уровень безопасности системы. Также одной из ключевых функций безопасности является разграничение прав доступа при администрировании.
В Windows Server 2016 также появилось средство под названием Just Enough Administration (JEA). Это означает, что администраторы могут логиниться под временными аккаунтами, ограниченными определенными ролями. То есть администратор, войдя в систему с зараженного вирусом ПК, большого вреда не причинит. Windows Credential Guard также ограничивает возможный ущерб от вредоносных программ при таком сценарии. А временные права администрирования (Just in Time Administration) можно предоставить с помощью Microsoft Identity Manager Privileged Access Manager.
Хранение данных и сети – Software Defined
Как известно, в Window Server 2012 помощью Storage Spaces можно создавать отказоустойчивые пулы памяти на дисках SAS, подключенных к серверу без помощи традиционной SAN (Storage Area Network). Storage Spaces Direct дает возможность напрямую подключать к кластеру Server 2016 накопители SAS, SATA или SSD. Это можно использовать для создания программно-конфигурируемых систем хранения (Software-Defined Storage, SDS).
Storage Spaces Direct можно использовать для прямого подключения накопителей.
Появилась возможность динамического управления пропускной способностью виртуальных дисков Storage Quality of Service (QoS). Применять политики Storage QoS можно как к дисковой подсистеме отдельной виртуальной машины, так и к группе ВМ.
Storage Replica реализует блочную синхронную репликацию между сконфигурированными серверами с использованием протокола SMB 3.1.1.
С помощью инструментария Storage Replica администраторы могут реплицировать данные между удаленными серверами, кластерными системами и центрами обработки данных, повышая тем самым их катастрофоустойчивость и предотвращая потери на уровне файловой системы.
Для поддержки SDN (Software Defined Networking) в Server 2016 добавлена роль Network Controller. Сетевой контроллер предназначен для управления в Hyper-V виртуальными коммутаторами, балансировщиками нагрузки, правилами межсетевых экранов и виртуальными шлюзами. Поддерживаются также VXLAN (Virtual Extensible Local Area Network).
Nano Server
Nano Server – это еще более компактный вариант Server Core. Его удобно использовать как хост-систему для развертывания виртуальных машин, использовать в качестве сервера DNS или IIS, для запуска приложений в контейнерах.
Улучшения в уровне обслуживания: меньше уязвимостей, меньше перезагрузок.
По данным Microsoft, у Nano Server на 93% меньше размер VHD, он требует на 80% меньше перезагрузок. Такую систему можно применять для различных специальных функций и задач. Причем Nano Server работает как на физическом сервере, так и в ВМ. GUI у него нет – только инструменты Sysinternals.
Nano Server удобно также использовать в инфраструктуре Microsoft Cloud Platform для поддержки облачных служб и обслуживания приложений, функционирующих в виртуальном окружении, контейнерах или на физических серверах. Его можно применять для развертывания вычислительных кластеров и построения горизонтально-масштабируемых файловых хранилищ.
Благодаря своей компактности и эффективному использованию ресурсов Nano Server обеспечивает более высокую плотность ВМ, то есть на одном физическом хосте можно разместить больше экземпляров ОС, что сокращает расходы на ИТ-инфраструктуру.
Контейнеры
Важное отличие Windows Server 2016 от предыдущих версий серверных операционных систем Microsoft — поддержка технологий контейнеров. Контейнеры Windows Server — часть открытого проекта Docker. Они позволяют запускать приложения в изолированных средах на разных платформах, оперативно развертывать и перемещать их между серверами.
В Windows поддерживаются контейнеры двух видов — контейнеры Windows Server и контейнеры Hyper-V. Облегченные серверные контейнеры не требуют лицензии Windows. Контейнеры Windows Server функционируют подобно контейнерам Docker для платформы Linux. Они используют общее ядро операционной системы, что делает их более компактными и гибкими, чем обычные виртуальные машины.
У каждого контейнера Hyper-V своя копия ядра Windows Server, и изоляцию осуществляет не операционная система, а гипервизор.
Контейнеры Windows Server делят ресурсы ОС, но ведут себя как независимые экземпляры операционной системы. Однако в среде ОС Windows Server нельзя запустить контейнер Linux и наоборот. Для запуска контейнера его образ берется из репозитория (публичного или частного) и при необходимости модифицируется.
Контейнер Docker, работающий в Windows Server 2016.
Контейнеры Hyper-V изолированы средствами виртуализации, имеют свою копию ядра Windows, а в версии Standard лицензия для них не нужна. У таких контейнеров более высокий уровень изоляции, сравнимый с виртуальными машинами. Данный подход более требователен к ресурсам сервера, но повышает стабильность работы серверной ОС и надежность функционирования контейнеров.
Управляются оба вида контейнеров одинаково. Управление контейнерами Windows Server и Hyper-V может осуществляться как средствами PowerShell и WMI, так и при помощи инструментов Docker. Последние предоставляют единую среду администрирования и позволяют управлять контейнерными приложениями в среде Windows Server или Linux.
Конфигурирование контейнеров в Windows Server 2016. Контейнеры Hyper-V могут использоваться для запуска приложений с повышенными требованиями к информационной безопасности.
Хороший вариант для развертывания контейнеров — Nano Server. Однако нужно помнить, что Nano Server – это урезанная Windows. Если IIS, например, в нем работает, то .NET Framework – уже нет (только кросс-платформенная .NET Core). Не все приложения в настоящее время совместимы с Nano Server.
Образы Docker в Nano Server могут быть очень компактными.
Контейнеры Docker в Windows — пока что на начальном этапе. Потребуется время, чтобы администраторы их освоили, а разработчики – довели до ума. Microsoft понадобится также пополнить соответствующими опциями имеющийся инструментарий вроде Visual Studio.
Другие возможности
В Windows Server 2016 реализовано и множество других новшеств. Система получила новый механизм скачивания и раздачи обновлений, функционирующий по принципу P2P-протокола BitTorrent, поддержку протокола SSH. Windows Server 2016 поставляется с Windows Management Framework 5.1 и новой версией PowerShell, использующей .NET Framework 4.6.
Обновленный Windows PowerShell позволяет оперировать еще большим количеством командлетов (cmdlets), которые выполняют различные задачи управления. В частности, PowerShell 5 предлагает командлеты для управления локальными пользователями и группами и командлет Get-ComputerInfo для получения подробной информации о системе.
Нововведения коснулись и служб Active Directory. Теперь можно использовать смарт-карты для аттестационных ключей. Доменные службы Active Directory обеспечивают еще более высокий уровень безопасности при идентификации корпоративных и персональных устройств.
Планы перехода организаций на Windows Server 2016 (по данным опроса SpiceWorks, проведенного в ноябре 2015 года).
Появился новый формат файлов конфигурации виртуальных машин (.VMCX и .VMRS) с более высокой степенью защиты от сбоев на уровне хранилища, была добавлена возможность безопасной загрузки гостевых операционных систем Linux и поддержка OpenGL и OpenCL службой удаленных рабочих столов Remote Desktop Service (RDS).
Механизм обновления ОС хостов кластера без его остановки (Cluster Operating System Rolling Upgrade) дает возможность с нулевым временем простоя обновить кластер последовательным апдейтом отдельных его узлов.
В состав Windows Server 2016 включен также инструментарий IP Address Management (IPAM), позволяющий упростить управление IP-адресами. Конечно, обо всех новшествах новой ОС в одной статье рассказать невозможно. Это лишь весьма поверхностный «первый взгляд».
Издания Windows Server 2016
Сколько всего изданий у Windows Server 2016? Хороший вопрос. Выше говорилось о шести. Есть издания Standard и Datacenter, различающиеся схемами лицензирования. Standard включает лицензии только для двух ВМ или контейнеров Hyper-V под Windows Server, в то время как в Datacenter количество ВМ не ограничивается. Версия Datacenter потребуется для работы с некоторыми новыми средствами, включая Storage Spaces Direct, Storage Replica, Shielded Virtual Machine и ряд сетевых функций. Стоит версия Standard от 882 долл. для 16 ядер. Datacenter обойдется минимум в 6155 долл.
Функциональные отличия изданий Datacenter и Standard в Windows Server 2016.
Ниже представлены функции, которые есть только в редакции Windows Server 2016 Datacenter:
- Storage Spaces Direct — расширение технологии Storage Spaces для создания высокодоступных кластерных хранилищ;
- Storage Replica — технология блочной репликации данных между хранилищами;
- Shielded Virtual Machines — технология защиты содержимого виртуальных машин Hyper-V;
- Host Guardian Service — серверная роль, предназначенная для поддержки защищенных виртуальных машин (Shielded VM) и предотвращения несанкционированного доступа к ним;
- Network Fabric — централизованный мониторинг и управление сетевой инфраструктурой;
- Microsoft Azure Stack — поддержка SDN-стека для построения гибридных решений.
Nano Server лицензируется как средство Windows Server, но требует лицензии Software Assurance вместо базовой и отдельно не продается. Есть еще бесплатная Windows Hyper-V Server, используемая только как хост Hyper-V, а также версия Windows Server Essentials для малого бизнеса — до 25 пользователей и 50 устройств, для которой не нужны лицензии CAL (Client Access Licenses). Essentials стоит 501 долл., но существуют более дешевые OEM-версии. OEM-версии Windows Server Foundation больше не поставляются.
Назначение изданий Windows Server 2016 и модели лицензирования.
Есть еще пара специальных изданий: Windows Storage Server для систем хранения и Multipoint Premium Server, в основном для удаленных десктопов в сфере образования. Версии Standard и Datacenter по умолчанию инсталлируются без GUI (опция Server Core).
По умолчанию процедура установки Windows Server 2016 выполняется без GUI.
Резюмируя, можно отметить, что Windows Server 2016 предоставляет много возможностей для полноценного развертывания и функционирования ИТ-инфраструктуры в облаке. Новая ОС облегчает возможность доступа и идентификации служб и приложений организации в том случае, если они размещены и в облаке, и на физических серверах. Серверная платформа Microsoft активно развивается в соответствии с тенденциями развития индустрии и предпочтениями бизнеса. Работа проделана немалая, система развивается в правильном направлении. Проверить работу Windows Server 2016 можно, взяв виртуальный VPS сервер на бесплатный тестовый период в 3 дня.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Windows Server 2016
Version of the Windows NT operating system | |
Screenshot of Windows Server 2016 with Desktop Experience |
|
Developer | Microsoft |
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Written in |
|
OS family | Windows Server |
Working state | Current |
Source model |
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Released to manufacturing |
September 26, 2016; 8 years ago[1] |
General availability |
October 12, 2016; 8 years ago[2] |
Latest release | 1607 (10.0.14393.7973) (April 11, 2025; 11 days ago[3]) [±] |
Marketing target | Business |
Update method | Windows Update, Windows Server Update Services, SCCM |
Platforms | x86-64 |
Kernel type | Hybrid (Windows NT kernel) |
Default user interface |
Windows shell (Graphical) Windows PowerShell (Command line) |
License | Trialware, Volume licensing, Microsoft Software Assurance, MSDN subscription, Microsoft Imagine |
Preceded by | Windows Server 2012 R2 (2013) |
Succeeded by | Windows Server 2019 (2018) |
Official website | Windows Server 2016 (archived at Wayback Machine) |
Support status | |
|
Windows Server 2016 is the eleventh major version of the Windows NT operating system produced by Microsoft to be released under the Windows Server brand name. It was developed alongside Windows 10 and is the successor to the Windows 8.1-based Windows Server 2012 R2. The first early preview version (Technical Preview) became available on October 1, 2014 together with the first technical preview of System Center.[5] Windows Server 2016 was released on September 26, 2016 at Microsoft’s Ignite conference[1] and reached general availability on October 12, 2016.[2]
It was succeeded by Windows Server 2019 and the Windows Server Semi-Annual Channel, which was released in 2017. Mainstream support for Windows Server 2016 ended on January 11, 2022, and extended support will end on January 12, 2027.
Windows Server 2016 has a variety of new features, including
- Active Directory Federation Services: It is possible to configure AD FS to authenticate users stored in non-AD directories, such as X.500 compliant Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) directories and SQL databases.[6]
- Windows Defender: Windows Server Antimalware is installed and enabled by default without the GUI, which is an installable Windows feature.[7]
- Remote Desktop Services: Support for OpenGL 4.4 and OpenCL 1.1, performance and stability improvements; MultiPoint Services role (see Windows MultiPoint Server)[8]
- Storage Services: Central Storage QoS Policies; Storage Replicas (storage-agnostic, block-level, volume-based, synchronous and asynchronous replication using SMB3 between servers for disaster recovery).[9] Storage Replica replicates blocks instead of files; files can be in use. It’s not multi-master, not one-to-many and not transitive. It periodically replicates snapshots, and the replication direction can be changed.
- Failover Clustering: Cluster operating system rolling upgrade, Storage Replicas[10]
- Web Application Proxy: Preauthentication for HTTP Basic application publishing, wildcard domain publishing of applications, HTTP to HTTPS redirection, Propagation of client IP address to backend applications[11]
- IIS 10: Support for HTTP/2
- Windows PowerShell 5.1[12]
- Windows Server Containers [13]
Networking features
[edit]
- DHCP: As Network Access Protection was deprecated in Windows Server 2012 R2, in Windows Server 2016 the DHCP role no longer supports NAP[14]
- DNS:
- DNS client: Service binding – enhanced support for computers with more than one network interface[15]
- DNS Server: DNS policies, new DDS record types (TLSA, SPF, and unknown records), new PowerShell cmdlets and parameters[16]
- Windows Server Gateway now supports Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) tunnels[17]
- IP address management (IPAM): Support for /31, /32, and /128 subnets; discovery of file-based, domain-joined DNS servers; new DNS functions; better integration of DNS, DHCP, and IP Address (DDI) Management[18]
- Network Controller: A new server role to configure, manage, monitor, and troubleshoot virtual and physical network devices and services in the datacentre[19]
- Hyper-V Network virtualization: Programmable Hyper-V switch (a new building block of Microsoft’s software-defined networking solution); VXLAN encapsulation support; Microsoft Software Load Balancer interoperability; better IEEE Ethernet standard compliance.[20]
- Rolling Hyper-V cluster update: Unlike upgrading clusters from Windows 2008 R2 to 2012 level, Windows Server 2016 cluster nodes can be added to a Hyper-V Cluster with nodes running Windows Server 2012 R2. The cluster continues to function at a Windows Server 2012 R2 feature level until all of the nodes in the cluster have been upgraded and the cluster functional level has been upgraded.[21]
- Storage quality of service (QoS) to centrally monitor end-to-end storage performance and create policies using Hyper-V and Scale-Out File Servers
- New, more efficient binary virtual machine configuration format (.VMCX extension for virtual machine configuration data and the .VMRS extension for runtime state data)
- Production checkpoints
- Hyper-V Manager: Alternate credentials support, down-level management, WS-Management protocol
- Integration services for Windows guests distributed through Windows Update
- Hot add and remove for network adapters (for generation 2 virtual machines) and memory (for generation 1 and generation 2 virtual machines)
- Linux secure boot
- Connected Standby compatibility
- Storage Resiliency feature of Hyper-V is formed for detecting transitory loss of connectivity to VM storage. VMs will be paused until connectivity is re-established.[22]
- RDMA compatible Virtual Switch[23]
Microsoft announced a new installation option, Nano Server, which offers a minimal-footprint headless version of Windows Server. It excludes the graphical user interface, WoW64 (support for 32-bit software) and Windows Installer. It does not support console login, either locally or via Remote Desktop Connection. All management is performed remotely via Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI), Windows PowerShell and Remote Server Management Tools (a collection of web-based GUI and command line tools).[24] However, in Technical Preview 5, Microsoft has re-added the ability to administer Nano Server locally through PowerShell.
According to Microsoft engineer Jeffrey Snover, Nano Server has 93% lower VHD size, 92% fewer critical security advisories, and 80% fewer reboots than Windows Server.[25][26]
Nano Server is only available to Microsoft Software Assurance customers[2] and on cloud computing platforms such as Microsoft Azure and Amazon Web Services.
Starting with the new feature release of Windows Server version 1709, Nano Server can only be installed inside a container host.[27]
Microsoft has been reorganized by Satya Nadella, putting the Server and System Center teams together. Previously, the Server team was more closely aligned with the Windows client team. The Azure team is also working closely with the Server team.[28]
In March 2017, Microsoft demonstrated an internal version of Server 2016 running on the ARMv8-A architecture. It was reported that Microsoft was working with Qualcomm Centriq and Cavium ThunderX2 chips. According to James Vincent of The Verge, this decision endangers Intel’s dominance of the server CPU market.[29][30][31] However, later inquiry from Microsoft revealed that this version of Windows Server is only for internal use and only impacts subscribers of Microsoft Azure service.[32]
A public beta version of Windows Server 2016 (then still called vNext) branded as «Windows Server Technical Preview» was released on October 1, 2014; the technical preview builds are aimed toward enterprise users. The first Technical Preview was first set to expire on April 15, 2015 but[33] Microsoft later released a tool to extend the expiry date, to last until the second tech preview of the OS in May 2015.[34] The second beta version, «Technical Preview 2», was released on May 4, 2015. Third preview version, «Technical Preview 3» was released on August 19, 2015. «Technical Preview 4» was released on November 19, 2015. «Technical Preview 5» was released on April 27, 2016.
Windows Server 2016 Insider Preview Build 16237 was released to Windows Insiders on July 13, 2017.[35][36]
Windows Server 2016 was officially released at Microsoft’s Ignite Conference on September 26, 2016. Unlike its predecessor, Windows Server 2016 is licensed by the number of CPU cores rather than number of CPU sockets—a change that has similarly been adopted by BizTalk Server 2013 and SQL Server 2014.[37] The new licensing structure that has been adopted by Windows Server 2016 has also moved away from the Windows Server 2012/2012R2 CPU socket licensing model in that now the amount of cores covered under one license is limited. Windows Server 2016 Standard and Datacenter core licensing now covers a minimum of 8 core licenses for each physical processor and a minimum of 16 core licenses for each server. Core licenses are sold in packs of two with Standard Edition providing the familiar rights to run 2 virtualized OS environments. If the server goes over 16 core licenses for a 2 processor server additional licenses will now be required with Windows Server 2016.[38]
Windows Server 2016 Technical Preview, released on October 1, 2014, was the first beta version of the operating system made publicly available. Its version number was 6.4.9841.[5]
Technical Preview 2
[edit]
Windows Server 2016 Technical Preview 2 was made available on May 4, 2015. Its version number was 10.0.10074. (A similar jump in the most significant part of the version number from 6 to 10 is seen in Windows 10.) Highlights of this version include:[39]
- Nano Server installation option[40][41]
- Hyper-V: hot add and remove memory and NIC; resilient virtual machines to keep running even when their cluster fabric fails[42]
- Rolling upgrades for Hyper-V and Storage clusters[40][42]
- Networking: Converged NIC across tenant and RDMA traffic; PacketDirect on 40G[42]
- Storage: Virtual Machine Storage Path resiliency; Storage Spaces Direct to aggregate Storage Spaces across multiple servers; Storage Replica[42]
- Security: Host Guardian Service, helping to keep trust and isolation boundary between the cloud infrastructure and guest OS layers; Just Enough Administration, restricting users to perform only specific tasks[42]
- Management: PowerShell Desired State Configuration; PowerShell Package Manager; Windows Management Framework 5.0 April Preview and DSC Resource Kit[42]
- Other: Conditional access control in AD FS; application authentication support for OpenID Connect and OAuth; full OpenGL support with RDS for VDI; Server-side support for HTTP/2, including header compression, connection multiplexing and server push[42]
- Installation options: Minimal Server Interface was made default and renamed the Server installation option to “Server with local admin tools”.[43]
Technical Preview 3
[edit]
The third technical preview of Windows Server 2016 was made available on August 19, 2015. Its version number was 10.0.10514. Highlights of this version include:
- Windows Server Containers[44]
- Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS): authentication of users stored in Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) directories[44]
- Installation options: The Server installation option had been renamed to “Server with Desktop Experience” having the shell and Desktop Experience installed by default. Due to the structural changes required to deliver the Desktop Experience on Server, it is no longer possible to convert from Server with Desktop Experience to Server Core or to convert Server Core up to Server with Desktop Experience.[43]
Technical Preview 4
[edit]
The fourth technical preview of the operating system was made available on November 19, 2015, one year and one month after the initial technical preview. Its version number was 10.0.10586, based on Windows 10 version 1511. Its highlights include:
- Nano Server supports the DNS Server and IIS server roles, as well as MPIO, VMM, SCOM, DSC push mode, DCB, Windows Server Installer, and the WMI provider for Windows Update. Its Recovery Console supports editing and repairing the network configuration. A Windows PowerShell module is now available to simplify building Nano Server images.[45]
- Hyper-V Containers encapsulates each container in a light weight virtual machine.[45]
Technical Preview 5
[edit]
The last technical preview of Windows Server 2016 was made available on April 27, 2016. Its version number was 10.0.14300. Its highlights include:[46]
- Mostly general refinements. Greater time accuracy in both physical and virtual machines
- Container support adds performance improvements, simplified network management, and support for Windows containers on Windows 10
- Nano Server: an updated module for building Nano Server images, including more separation of physical host and guest virtual machine functionality as well as support for different Windows Server editions. Improvements to the Recovery Console, including separation of inbound and outbound firewall rules as well as the ability to repair configuration of WinRM
- Networking: traffic to new or existing virtual appliances can now be both mirrored and routed. With a distributed firewall and Network security groups, this enables dynamically segmented and secure workloads in a manner similar to Azure. One can deploy and manage the entire Software-defined networking (SDN) stack using System Center Virtual Machine Manager. Docker can be used to manage Windows Server container networking, and associate SDN policies not only with virtual machines but containers as well
- Remote Desktop Services: a highly available RDS deployment can leverage Azure SQL Database for the RD Connection Brokers in high availability mode
- Management: ability to run PowerShell.exe locally on Nano Server (no longer remote only), new Local Users & Groups cmdlets to replace the GUI, added PowerShell debugging support, and added support in Nano Server for security logging & transcription and JEA (Just Enough Administration)
- Shielded Virtual Machines:
- New «Encryption Supported» mode that offers more protections than for an ordinary virtual machine, but less than «Shielded» mode, while still supporting vTPM, disk encryption, Live Migration traffic encryption, and other features, including direct fabric administration conveniences such as virtual machine console connections and Powershell Direct
- Full support for converting existing non-shielded Generation 2 virtual machines to shielded virtual machines, including automated disk encryption
- Shielded virtual machines are compatible with Hyper-V Replica
Release to manufacturing
[edit]
Windows Server 2016 was released to manufacturing on September 26, 2016, bearing the version number of 10.0.14393 (same as Windows 10 Anniversary Update). Microsoft added the following final touches:
- Available for a 180-day evaluation
- Fixed Start menu corruptions
- Improved user experience and performance
- Windows Store apps have been removed
- Login screen now has a background
- The Windows Hello feature has been added
- Dark theme has been added
Semi-Annual Channel releases
[edit]
Windows Server, version 1709 (version shared with Windows 10 Fall Creators Update) was released on October 17, 2017. The release has dropped the Windows Server 2016 name and is just called Windows Server by Microsoft.[47] It is offered to the Microsoft Software Assurance customers who have an active Windows Server 2016 license and has the same system requirements. This is the first Windows Server product to fall under the «Semi-Annual Channel» (SAC) release cadence.[48] This product only features the Server Core and the Nano Server modes. Of the two, only the Server Core mode of the OS can be installed on a bare system. The Nano Server mode is only available as an operating system container.[49]
Windows Server, version 1803 (version shared with Windows 10 April 2018 Update) is the second Semi-Annual Channel release of Windows Server.[50] It is also the final version to be branched off the Server 2016 codebase, as the next release shares the version number 1809 with Windows Server 2019.[51]
- Microsoft Servers
- Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions
- History of Microsoft Windows
- Comparison of operating systems
- List of operating systems
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- ^ «TechNet: What’s New in Storage Services in Windows Server Technical Preview (Updated: 1 October 2014)». Archived from the original on April 9, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
- ^ «TechNet: What’s New in Failover Clustering in Windows Server Technical Preview (Updated: 1 October 2014)». Archived from the original on April 9, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
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- ^ «TechNet: What’s New in DHCP in Windows Server Technical Preview (Updated: 1 October 2014)». Archived from the original on April 9, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
- ^ «TechNet: What’s New in DNS Client in Windows Server Technical Preview (Updated: 1 October 2014)». Archived from the original on April 9, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
- ^ «TechNet: What’s New in DNS Server in Windows Server Technical Preview (Updated: 1 October 2014)». Archived from the original on April 9, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
- ^ «TechNet: GRE Tunneling in Windows Server Technical Preview (Updated: 1 October 2014)». Archived from the original on April 9, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
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- ^ «TechNet: Network Controller (Updated: 18 December 2014)». Archived from the original on April 9, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
- ^ «TechNet: What’s New in Hyper-V Network Virtualization in Windows Server Technical Preview (Updated: 11 March 2015)». Archived from the original on April 9, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
- ^ «TechNet: What’s New in Hyper-V in Technical Preview (Updated: 12 November 2014)». Archived from the original on April 9, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2015.
- ^ «TechNet Wiki: Hyper-V Features in Windows Server 2016». Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
- ^ «Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) and Switch Embedded Teaming (SET)». Microsoft. May 17, 2016. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
- ^ Jindal, Kriti (February 9, 2016). «Introducing Server management tools». Nano Server Blog. Microsoft.
- ^ Neil, Mike (April 8, 2015). «Microsoft Announces New Container Technologies for the Next Generation Cloud». Server & Cloud Blog. Microsoft. Archived from the original on September 27, 2016. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
- ^ Snover, Jeffrey; Mason, Andrew; Back, Alan (April 8, 2015). «Microsoft Announces Nano Server for Modern Apps and Cloud». Windows Server Blog. Microsoft. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
- ^ «Changes to Nano Server in the next release of Windows Server». Archived from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
- ^ Patrizio, Andy (February 10, 2015). «Microsoft to release next generation of Windows Server in 2016». Network World. IDG. Archived from the original on April 26, 2024. Retrieved April 10, 2015.
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- ^ Foley, Mary Jo (March 10, 2017). «Microsoft’s Windows Server on ARM move: More questions and answers». ZDNet. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on March 11, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
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- ^ «Announcing Windows Server Insider Preview Build 16237». Windows Blog. Microsoft. July 13, 2017. Archived from the original on December 3, 2017. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
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Обновлено:
Опубликовано:
Общее описание
Дата выхода: 29.09.2016 Платформа: NT Поддержка до: 2026 г.
Как попробовать/скачать
Пробная версия Windows Server 2016 доступна для скачивания с официального сайта. Тестовый период длится 180 дней, в течение которого доступны все функциональные возможности. После окончания данного периода необходимо купить и перевести систему на платную основу или отказаться от ее использования.
Скачанный ISO-образ позволяет развернуть Windows в 3-х вариантах:
- Полная версия — с графическим интерфейсом.
- Windows Core — с управлением из командной строки Powershell или удаленной консоли.
- Nano Server — урезанная Server Core с управлением только с удаленной консоли.
Редакции и их сравнение
Основные редакции
Standard Edition и Datacenter Edition. По сравнению с Windows Server 2012 имеют различия не только в части лицензирования виртуальных машин, но и некоторых функциональных возможностей.
Функции | Standard | Datacenter |
---|---|---|
Лицензирование виртуальных машин | 2 бесплатно | Не требуется |
Высокодоступное хранилище Storage Spaces Direct | — | + |
Блочная репликация Storage Replica | — | + |
Защита виртуальных машин Shielded Virtual Machines и Host Guardian Service | — | + |
Управление сетью Network Fabric | — | + |
SDN Microsoft Azure Stack | — | + |
Примерная стоимость в долларах США (на 16 ядер) | $ 900 | $ 6 200 |
Дополнительные редакции
- Windows Server 2016 Essentials — разрешено использование не более чем для 25 пользователей и 50 устройств.
- MultiPoint Premium Server — для одновременной работы нескольких пользователей на одном компьютере (через KVM). Для образовательных учреждений.
- Windows Storage Server 2016 — решения для хранения данных. Доступно только для ОЕМ поставщиков.
- Hyper-V Server 2016 — бесплатная платформа для виртуализации.
Лицензирование
Лицензирование Windows Server 2016 для основных редакций претерпело некоторые изменения — теперь учет ведется по физическим ядрам процессора.
Ключевые особенности лицензирования по ядрам
- Лицензирование по физическим ядрам, а не процессорам, как в предыдущих версиях.
- Покупка дополнительных лицензий осуществляется комплектами по 2 ядра.
- Минимальное количество ядер — 16. Если используется процессор с 4 ядрами, купить нужно одну лицензию. Если используем 24 ядра — одну лицензию + 4 комплекта по 2 ядра.
- Минимальное количество ядер на процессор — 8. Если у нас 4 процессора по 4 ядра, купить нужно две лицензии по 16 ядер.
Сводная таблица лицензирования для выпусков
Выпуск | Как лицензируется | Необходимость CAL |
---|---|---|
Standard | На ядра | Да |
Datacenter | На ядра | Да |
Essentials | На процессоры | Нет |
MultiPoint Premium Server | На процессоры | Да + Remote Desktop Services CAL |
Storage Server | На процессоры | Нет |
Лицензирование виртуальных машин
- Если в качестве хоста виртуализации используется Datacenter, лицензирование виртуальных машин не требуется.
- При использовании Standard Edition — не лицензируются только 2 машины. Для остальных покупаются лицензии по вышеописанной схеме.
- Для Windows Server Hyper-V и платформ других разработчиков необходимо лицензирование по ядрам (как описано выше).
Что нового
Так как Windows Server 2016 позиционируется как облачная операционная система, большая часть изменений коснулась вопросов безопасности, виртуализации и кластеризации.
Новое для виртуализации
- Появление контейнерной виртуализации.
- Более удобное управление сетью в Hyper-V — появился виртуальный сетевой контроллер.
- Повышенная защита от сбоев виртуальных машин с новым форматом виртуальных дисков — .VMCX и .VMRS
- Создание снапшотов из гостевых систем.
- Добавление оперативной памяти и Ethernet адаптеров на лету (без выключения виртуальной машины).
Новинки для кластеров
- Возможность обновления кластера без остановки.
- Блочная репликация файлов.
Другие обновления
- Дополнительный вариант установки — Nano.
- OpenGL и OpenCL для RDP.
- Встроенная поддержка HTTP/2.
Системные требования
Standard и Datacenter
Минимум | Рекомендовано | Максимум | |
---|---|---|---|
Процессор | 1.4 ГГц | 2 ГГц | — |
Оперативная память | 512 Мб (Nano) | 4 Гб | 24 Тб |
Объем жесткого диска | 32 Гб | 60 Гб | — |
Essential
Минимум | Рекомендовано | Максимум | |
---|---|---|---|
Процессор | 1.4 ГГц | 3.1 ГГц | 2 процессора |
Оперативная память | 2 Гб | 4 Гб | 64 Гб |
Объем жесткого диска | 32 Гб | 60 Гб | — |
Был ли полезен этот ответ?
Да Нет
Windows Server 2016 was officially released in September, but we waited until all of the bits were at production level before taking a deep dive into Microsoft’s flagship server operating system.
What we found is an ambitious, multi-faceted server OS that focuses much of its energy within the Microsoft-centric world of Windows/Hyper-V/Azure, but also tries to join and leverage open source developments and initiatives, such as Docker.
One item we noticed right away is that older 64-bit CPUs won’t work with Microsoft’s Hyper-V virtualization infrastructure. This meant our older Dell 1950 servers weren’t compatible with Hyper-V and an older HP 560 Gen4 with 16 cores barely coughed into life as a Windows 2016 server.
++ Also on Network World: 5 best Windows Server 2016 features ++
A Windows Server 2016 deployment requires plenty of thought and planning. There are two license options, Datacenter or Standard. And there are three installation choices, the regular GUI server version, the server core (no GUI) version and lastly Nano server.
The Datacenter edition, which is the most expensive, has all the best roles and features. Those roles include: Storage Spaces Direct, Shielded Virtual Machines/Host Guardian Service, Storage Replica (synchronous replication service for disaster recovery and replication), and Network Controller (for the Azure cloud communications fabric).
The total price for Standard and Datacenter versions equals the cost of the server software plus client access licenses (CAL). Prices vary widely between list price, OEM prices, enterprise, education, and other options. Also, there is an Essentials Server version limited to 25 users and 50 devices licensed by processors instead of cores, and it requires no CALs.
In this review, we will go through the various new and improved features of Windows Server 2016. We found that many of them worked as advertised, while others weren’t totally baked yet.
New Nano Server option
Windows Nano Server, as the name implies, is designed for DevOps and minimized kernel API. Lean, mean virtual machine/container deployments are to ostensibly ensue. At less than 200MB, Microsoft calls it just enough OS to run apps.
We built Nano Server from PowerShell commands, which is the only way they can be built. They’re currently in vhdx format, and at press time aren’t supported on hypervisors other than Hyper-V, although that’s likely to change.
The key roles that can be used in a Nano server deployment include Hyper-V, Storage, Cluster, the all-important webserver IIS, Dot-Net and ASP-Net core, and containers. All of these roles need to be setup during instantiation, and not later.
There are a number of limitations on uses for Nano Server: 64-bit apps, tools, agents are supported, but it can’t be an AD domain controller. Nano isn’t subject to group policy, can’t use a proxy server or Systems Center Configuration Manager and Data Protection Manager. Nano also has a more limited PowerShell vocabulary.
But the limitations may be poised to emancipate certain Windows 2016 uses to support popular open source deployment and management frameworks. We found primitive but useful OpenStack support for Nano and potential support for VMware vSphere.
Nano is licensed either as Datacenter or Standard server roles, which might include a DNS server or IIS server. This will please many, and can become the substrate for a lush variety of other app/server/service use cases.
Nested virtualization
Windows Server 2016 supports virtualizing within itself. In other words, VMs within VMs. Currently only Hyper-V under Hyper-V is officially supported, but we were able to get Hyper-V running under vSphere 6.
The use cases for this are rather limited but this can be useful where you want to run Hyper-V containers instead of running containers directly on the host or for lab environments for testing different scenarios.
Enabling nesting on a virtual machine under HyperV required us to set a flag via PowerShell. (Set-VMProcessor -VMName test-server-core -ExposeVirtualizationExtensions $true). Networking requires IP MAC address spoofing. (Get-VMNetworkAdapter -VMName test-server-core | Set-VMNetworkAdapter -MacAddressSpoofing On)
We were able to run containers, as well as other Windows Server 2016 VMs, in the nested machine. This was relatively simple to get working for us, and its convenience won’t be lost on coders and system architects.
Just for fun, we tried nesting Windows 2016 in vSphere 6.0. We initially set up a Windows Server 2016 VM running in ESX. There is a setting that enables this in the VM properties. We then installed HyperV in the VM and we were able to install a nested Windows Server 2016 VM. This worked pretty well.
The increased complexity of nested VMs isn’t quite as high as we suspected, providing the hypervisor allows para-virtualization that doesn’t rob a nested VM of needed resources.
Shielded VMs
Another way to make working processes go dark or opaque is to encrypt them. Windows 2016 Server Shielded VMs are virtual machines that have been encrypted, and can live alongside unencrypted VMs. Shielding requires modern TPM chip sets on the physical hardware to be setup or a one-way trust through Active Directory.
Shielded VMs are encrypted with BitLocker technology and only Windows VMs are supported. Unfortunately, shielded VMs can only be used with the Datacenter edition of Server 2016 not the Standard one — and there are dangers.
The trade-offs have to be completely understood. As an example: The only way to connect to shielded VMs is through RDP, and we found it is not possible to connect through the console or another means. So if your VM loses network connectivity, you are totally screwed unless you’ve made other specific working arrangements to get inside the VM.
It is possible to create shielded VMs without Virtual Machine Manager (part of System Center 2016) or Azure but we couldn’t find documentation on how this is done.
Host Guardian Service
Related to encrypted VMs is the Host Guardian Service (HGS). Third-party vendors have been offering SSO, identity, and key management services for Windows server and client environments, and with Host Guardian, Microsoft delivers its own service.
HGS provides two things: key protection to store and provide BitLocker keys to shielded VMs, and attestation to allow only trusted Hyper-V hosts to run the shielded VMs.
This service must run in its own separate Active Directory forest with a one-way trust. The Active Directory forest will be created when installing the role automatically.
There are two forms of attestation available to use for the HGS. The first is using TPM-trusted attestation, which requires the host physical hardware to have TPM 2.0 enabled and configured, as well as UEFI 2.3.1+ with secure boot. The shielded VMs will be approved based on their TPM identity.
The second form is admin-trusted attestation, which can support a broader range of hardware where TPM 2.0 is not available. This form also requires less configuration. For this mode, VMs are approved based on the membership in a certain AD Domain Services security group.
Microsoft recommended that a Host Guardian Fabric be installed on a three-machine physical cluster, but it can be installed on VMs for test purposes. If you use Azure or System Center Virtual Machine Manager, it should be easier to setup the host guardian service and the guarded hosts.
Also note that if the HGS becomes unavailable for whatever reason (which is why it is recommended to run it as a three-machine physical cluster), the shielded VMs on the guarded hosts will not run.
The setup is a bit complicated without System Center so the following describes how to set it up using mostly PowerShell commands. We used “extreme2.local” as our test domain:
PowerShell Commands used to make host guardian after installing the role in a script like this one:
Install-HgsServer -HgsDomainName ‘hg.extreme2.local’
Restart-Computer
New-SelfSignedCertificate x2 (one for signing and one for encryption)
Export-PfxCertificate x2 (to create the files for the self-signed certificates)
Initialize-HgsServer -HgsService ‘hgs’ -SigningCertificatePath ‘cert.pfx’ -SigningCertifactePassword $pass -EncryptionCertificatePath ‘enc-cert.pfx’ -EncryptionCertificatePassword $pass2 -TrustActiveDirectory (can also use -TrustTPM)
Get-HgsTrace (to check and validate the config)
The following string of PowerShell commands was used for non-TPM servers, as TPM wasn’t initialized on the servers. This seemed the best way to test using AD-trusted attestation – TPM servers are a bit more complicated (on the DNS server):
Add-DnsServerConditionalForwarderZone -Name “hg.extreme2.local” -ReplicationScope "Forest" -MasterServers 10.0.100.43
(on the main AD server)
netdom trust hg.extreme2.local /domain:extreme2.local /userD:extreme2.localAdministrator /passwordD: /add
Here we created a new security group on the Active Directory server and added the computer we want to be trusted for the guardian host service to the group and then restarted the servers:
Get-ADGroup “guarded-hosts” (<— name of security group)
(Made note of the SID)
$SID = “S-1-5-21-2056979656-3172215525-2237764365-1118”
(now back to the host guardian service server)
Add-HgsAttestationHostGroup -Name “GuardedHosts” -Identifier $SID
Get-HgsServer (to get the values for URLs to configure the guarded hosts)
Then we ran these commands on the hosts, with Hyper-V and the Host Guardian Hyper-V services installed, that we wanted to be guarded hosts:
$AttestationUrl=“http://hgs.hg.extreme2.local/Attestation”
$KeyProtectionUrl=“http://hgs.hg.extreme2.local/KeyProtection”
Set-HgsClientConfiguration -AttestationServerUrl $AttestationUrl KeyProtectionServerUrl $KeyProtectionUrl
Now that we had that set up, we could set up shielded VMs for existing VMs:
Invoke-WebRequest 'http://hgs.hg.extreme2.local/KeyProtection/service/metadata/2014-07/metadata.xml' -OutFile
‘.ExtremeGuardian.xml’
Import-HgsGuardian -Path '.ExtremeGuardian.xml' -Name 'GuardedHosts' -AllowUntrustedRoot
New-VM -Generation 2 -Name "Shielded-Server2016" -NewVHDPath .Shielded-Server2016.vhdx -NewVHDSizeBytes 20GB
$guardian = Get-HgsGuardian -Name 'GuardedHosts'
$owner = New-HgsGuardian -Name '' -GenerateCertificates
$keyp = New-HgsKeyProtector -Owner $owner -Guardian $guardian -AllowUntrustedRoot
Set-VMKeyProtector -VMName $vmname -KeyProtector $keyp.RawData
Set-VMSecurityPolicy -VMName $vmname -Shielded $true
Enable-VMTPM -VMName $vmname
At this point, the VM should be shielded and we could move the VM vhdx file and config files to guardian host to run the VM after enabling BitLocker on the partitions in the vhdx file.
We could also do this for the supplied template VMs. The docs were fairly clear about the process.
Windows containers
Containers have finally come to Windows Server 2016 using (but not necessarily limited to) Docker and Docker container components. There are currently two ways to run containers. One is directly on Windows Server 2016, called Windows Server Containers. The other one is through Hyper-V in a kind of isolation mode/sandbox, called Hyper-V containers.
The HyperV isolation mode requires the HyperV role to be installed on the server, then we could start the container (and its app payloads) using various Docker commands (an example can be seen below).
docker run --isolation=hyperv microsoft/nanoserver
Docker isn’t supplied and must be installed separately, and currently there are issues running it under remote PowerShell sessions. It was very frustrating trying to work around the bugs in this build. After much testing, we recommend waiting until the kinks are worked out and its production use is currently dubious.
NET RESULTS
COMPANY | Microsoft |
---|---|
PRODUCT | Windows Server 2016 |
PRICE | Windows Server 2016 Datacenter Edition $6,155+CAL, 16 cores. Windows Server 2016 Standard Edition $882 +CAL, 16 cores. Windows Server 2016 Essentials Edition $501, by processor |
PROS | Better virtualization including new storage/networking enhancements, stronger customization, new security features |
CONS | Some editions are pricey; containers not baked yet; still some deployment headaches |
First, you can’t use Linux containers unless they’re especially built to run in a highly-confined context. Developers then have two sets of containers if they’re already developing containers: one that runs on Linux/elsewhere and Windows-specific containers.
Second, the number of “off the shelf” containers is dramatically small and a quick check at press time revealed perhaps 100:1 or higher Linux vs Windows-capable containers in the repositories we checked.
Third, we found a dearth of PowerShell commands available to do container management work, and this forced us to use docker specifically — not that we minded — rather docker is an isolate and almost a curiosity. A cohesive management plane for the Windows environment doesn’t quite exist yet that we could find.
Finally: We cratered our specially ordered Lenovo ThinkServers numerous times doing things by the book in our attempts to use just the sample provided of a simple .Net server. Kaboom, even running as admin, with the latest updates, we ended up with just a smoking hole in our rack at Expedient. It did not give us confidence. We tried on Server core and Nano core and still were not pleased.
Inexplicably, we were subsequently able to get the VM running without crashing on another physical, non-hypervised host.
Documentation for docker container use is primitive in the Windows 2016 release, and in looking for what we could have possibly done wrong, we found we weren’t alone.
UEFI Linux Support in Hyper-V
Linux running on generation 2 VMs can now use the Secure Boot/UEFI option, a specification defined in UEFI. Secure boot was already possible for Windows VMs in previous versions of Hyper-V, but caused much growling in admins and installers when trying to use it with Linux distros.
We tried the UEFI with Hyper-V-based Ubuntu 16.04 and it worked easily. Secure boot is supported on Redhat Enterprise Linux 7.0+, SUSE Enterprise Server 12+, Ubuntu 14.04+, and Centos 7.0+. We found that Linux VMs must configure the instance to use MS UEFI Certificate Authority in the VM settings — and can also be set with PowerShell.
PowerShell Direct
PowerShell Direct allows PowerShell commands to be used on certain VMs without any network connectivity as a relationship between Hyper-V and its resident VM(s). This is available only from the host that the VM is running on and serves as a communications channel to unshielded VMs.
We were prompted to enter credentials, and if you are not logged in as a user in the Hyper-V Administrators group then you will not be able to use PowerShell direct. Lack of subordinated admin use seemed strange to us at first, but we can understand the constraints of mandating a Hyper-V administrator.
For now, the only supported operating systems are Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016. Both the host and guest have the same requirements. PowerShell Direct can be a useful tool for scripting or accessing a VM if networking is unavailable but with the OS support very limited, the use case for using PowerShell Direct is very narrow, unless you upgrade everything.
It also opens up a potential compromise if host Hyper-V credentials are somehow hijacked. This said, we’ve wondered about this kind of “hole-in-the-sandbox” in any number of use cases; instead, we’ve used other means to contact VMs that were having difficulties. The hole can be closed, of course but it also means: check every cloud instance to ensure that the hole isn’t open, along with the 20,000+ other things admins have to do.
Storage updates
Storage replicas are available to synchronously protect data shares, purportedly with zero data loss after instantiation. We did not test this – to do so would require multiple clusters in separate locations. The purpose of storage replica is disaster recovery between different sites and allowing more efficient uses of multiple data centers. It supports the ability to synchronously protect data with zero data loss, according to the docs. Also, it is possible to do asynchronous replication for longer ranges or high latency networks. It continuously replicates and is not snapshot/checkpoint based. This feature may be useful for companies with multiple campuses spread over a wide geography.
Storage QoS policies
QoS policies in Server 2016 (Datacenter edition only) are able to be used in two scenarios, both involve Hyper-V and all servers must be running Server 2016. One way to use QoS policies is with a Scale-out File Server and the other is to use Cluster Shared Volumes.
These policies are enabled by default on Cluster Shared Volumes and you do not have to do anything special to enable them. However, modifying the policies lets you fine-tune your server’s storage performance. Some of the options include ways to mitigate noisy neighbor issues, monitor end to end storage performance and manage storage I/O per workload. For example, you could set Minimum and Maximum IOPs on a per VHD basis (as a dedicated policy). Or you can create an aggregated policy which is shared between all the VHDs assigned that policy. We didn’t test this totally, but we checked some of the commands to see that the QoS was indeed running on the cluster with Storage Spaces Direct.
Storage Spaces Direct (S2D)
Storage Spaces Direct is part of the clustering technology in Windows Server 2016. S2D uses Windows 2016 Datacenter edition (even in the Nano Server incarnation — but watch the licensing costs!) servers having local storage (i.e. JBOD availability) to build highly available and scalable software defined storage using SMB3, clustered file systems and failover clustering. Storage must be clustered using the Failover Role and its clustering file system.
SCORE CARD
Administration | 4 |
---|---|
Security | 4 |
Installation/documentation | 3.75 |
Features | 4.25 |
Total | 4 |
The system requirements for storage spaces direct are pretty high: you’ll need 128GB RAM, two SSDs and at least four HDDs configured in a non-RAID setup plus an additional HDD for the boot drive. Also, you’ll need at least two of these servers setup in a cluster. It is also recommended to have 10GBE ports on each machine. (See the complete hardware requirements.)
We ordered up and used two special Lenovo x3650 m5 ThinkServers with 128GB of RAM, two 240GB SSD, six 300GB HDDs that met the requirements to test the theory. We could set different storage tiers, and by default if SSD and HDDs/conventional drives are present, S2D will automagically create a performance and a capacity tier for hybrid storage.
The Lenovo servers we used were setup in a failover cluster, which is a necessary and mandatory step. This means: minimum two servers, although they needn’t be identical. We made sure the extra storage SSDs and HDDs are online and initialized in Disk Management, but were otherwise unallocated and empty. Our installation and use of this failover cluster (remember the madness of Microsoft’s Wolfpack?) was pretty painless. We then used the Enable-ClusterS2D PowerShell command on one of the clustered nodes and it added all the available unused storage from all the server nodes to a pool of disks.
We could see all the disks it used for this pool in the Failover Cluster Manager. After that, one must create one or more volumes. They can be created in the GUI, but the GUI didn’t allow us to set the filesystem or storage tiers.
We created a volume using Resilient File System. This is an example of how to create the volume with ReFS filesystem format as a Cluster Shared Volume (CSV) with the PowerShell command:
New-Volume -StoragePoolFriendlyName “S2D*” -FriendlyName test2 -FileSystem CSVFS_ReFS -StorageTierFriendlyNames Capacity -StorageTierSizes 100GB ((EDITOR NOTE: this is one long string not three lines))
Once the volume was created, we could use it to create a VM cluster role with the VHD stored in the S2D storage cluster location (in our case it was: C:ClusterStorageVolume1). This storage geography can be seen by all nodes of the cluster. We were successful in creating and running a Server 2016 VM in Hyper-V and live migrated between servers easily. It was very quick too, finishing the migration in mere seconds.
Failover clustering – new and improved
We found many improvements to failover clustering in Server 2016. One of the most interesting is the Cluster Operating System Rolling Upgrade functionality. If you already have Windows Server 2012 R2 cluster nodes, then you can upgrade the cluster to Windows Server 2016 without having to stop Hyper-V or Scale-out File Server workloads. Another interesting feature is using a Cloud Witness for the quorum witness (failover logic) using Azure to store the witness disk. Another improvement that looked interesting was the VM load balancing feature. This can help even the load by checking which nodes are busy and automatically live-migrate VMs to other nodes.
New Windows 2016 Security measures Credential Guard
In previous versions of Windows, credentials and other secrets were put in a Local Security Authority (LSA). Now, with the new Credential Guard feature, the items that used to be in the LSA are now protected by a layer of virtualization-based security. This is used to prevent “pass the hash” and “pass the ticket” attacks. It does this by insulating the secrets, such as NTLM password hashes and Kerberos ticket granting tickets, so that only privileged system software can acquire them.
Derived domain credentials that are managed by Windows services are run in the virtualized protected environment. This environment is not able to be accessed by the rest of the OS. This feature can be managed using group policy, WMI, PowerShell, or even a command prompt. This feature also works in Windows 10 (Enterprise or Education) and Windows Enterprise IoT. However, there are certain basic hardware requirements for this feature to work: 64-bit CPU, CPU virtualization extensions enabled (Intel VT-x or AMD-V) and SLAT, TPM 1.2 or 2.0, UEFI 2.31.c+ with Secure Boot.
Just Enough Admin (JEA)
JEA is a PowerShell-based (included with Version 5 and up) security kit that can limit privileges for admins to just enough for them to do their job. It allows users to be specifically authorized to run certain commands on remote machines with logging. This runs on Windows 10, Server 2016 and older OSs if they have the Windows Management Framework updates. JEA combined with Just In Time admin, introduced in server 2012 R2 and part of Microsoft Identity Manager (product page), allows one to limit an admin in both time and capability.
Network Controller (SDN – Software defined networking)
The Network Controller allows for a more centralized approach to network management. It provides two APIs. One lets the Network Controller communicate with the network and the other API allows you to contact the Network Controller directly. The Network Controller role can be run in both domain or non-domain environments.
Network Controller can be managed with either SCVMM or SCOM. The Network Controller role lets you configure, monitor, program or troubleshoot the underlying infrastructure that is managed by SCVMM or SCOM. However, it is not strictly necessary to use those tools, as we could also use PowerShell commands or the REST API.
Network Controller works with other parts of the network infrastructure such as Hyper-V VMs and virtual switches, the data center firewall, RAS gateways, and software load balancers. Because this is a Windows Server review and not an SC-VMM or SC-OM review, we didn’t test this.
Data center firewall
The data center firewall is a new distributed firewall based on network flow and app connectivity instead of where the workload is actually present. For example, if you migrate a VM from one server to another in the data center, it should automatically change the firewall rules on the other server to allow whatever ports need to be open, reconfigure routers and switches for that VM. The firewall also offers protection to be used on VMs independent of the guest OS. There is no need to separately configure a firewall in each VM.
This means of VM metadata control is an idea also advanced by VMware to permit high VM portability with a minimum of muss and fuss.
These new security features are very highly competitive with announcements from VMware made at VMWorld 2016 — especially designed to advance a control plane for completely objectifying workloads in such a way as to make all elements — compute, networking, storage, and other characteristics — into an (atomic) object for purposes of manipulation, movement, storage, and management and control plane needs.
Summary
In our working test of Windows 2016, we found attempts to cover a lot of turf. We see the new raw edges, but also a different thinking in terms of workload and developer strategy meeting the long-installed capital costs that enterprise fixtures represent.
In other words, Windows 2016 is serving numerous masters, some of them very well, and some are in a race with a blistering pace of change in developer and rapid infrastructure deployment strategies.
Windows Server 2016 has a lot of new and improved features, including attempts to use competitive concepts — largely from Linux. We were able to test some of these, but not all. Some require certain hardware or setups (including ones that needed System Center pieces to work more efficiently). If you cut Systems Center combos from the long list of features in the product announcements, it’s still interesting.
Special thanks to Lenovo for loaning two fully equipped, S2D-capable servers for testing.
How we tested
We tested Windows 2016 Server editions in our lab and in our NOC at Expedient in Carmel IN. We tested Datacenter, Standard, and Nano servers as native, Hyper-V VMs, and VMware 6 VMs on HP Gen4, Gen8, and Gen9 servers, Lenovo RD460 and two Lenovo x3650 m5 Thinkservers (128GB of RAM, two 240GB SSD, six 300GB HDDs) accessed through the NOC’s backplane (Extreme Summit-Series GBE and 10GBE switches), with an HP MicroServer (as an AD controller that also served as a VPN touch point) with clients ranging from Windows 7 through Windows 10, MacOS, and Linux (Ubuntu, Debian, and CentOS).