Как установить ubuntu с флешки вместо windows

Outline

The general procedure to install Ubuntu (or Ubuntu flavour, Kubuntu, Lubuntu, Xubuntu, …) from a USB flash drive is:

• Get the correct Ubuntu installation file, ‘the iso file’, via this link or Ubuntu flavour via this link. Download the iso file into your running computer (for example into the directory Downloads in the internal drive, not into the USB flash drive that you want to make into a USB boot drive).

• Check with sha256sum (or another checksum tool) that the download was good.

• Put Ubuntu onto your USB flash drive alias ‘stick’ alias ‘pendrive’ alias ‘thumb’. Tools for this purpose are described in this help page.
• Configure your computer to boot from USB flash drive and boot from it.

• Try Ubuntu (Kubuntu, Lubuntu, Xubuntu, …) before installing it.

• Install Ubuntu to your internal drive (hard disk drive or solid state drive or external drive).

See also: Installation/FromUSBStickQuick for beginners starting from Windows.

Introduction

Ubuntu can be installed from a USB flash drive. This may be necessary for most new portable computers without DVD drives and is handy for others because a USB flash drive is so convenient. Also, you can configure Ubuntu on the USB flash drive to save changes you make, unlike a read-only CD/DVD disk.

Booting from a USB flash drive created with usb-creator alias Startup Disk Creator and mkusb will behave just as if you had booted from the install CD. It will show the language selection and then the install menu, from which you can install Ubuntu onto the computer’s hard drive or launch the LiveCD environment. Other utilities, e.g. UNetbootin, may create slightly different boot drives or if on UEFI might not work at all with Debian iso files due to a bug

Note: This article uses the term «USB flash drive» alongside USB stick, USB drive, USB device, USB pendrive and thumb drive.

Prerequisites

To create a USB installation device, you will need:

• an 8 GB USB flash device/drive/stick. If the iso file is smaller than 4 GB, it is possible to use a 4 GB USB device, at least with some of the methods. Files on this USB device will be erased, so backup the files you want to keep before making the device bootable. Some of the tools require that this USB device is properly formatted and mounted while other tools will overwrite whatever is on the target device. Please follow the instructions for each tool.

• an Ubuntu flavour ISO file downloaded from an official web page, ubuntu.com/download or http://releases.ubuntu.com, stored in your running computer (for example in the directory Downloads in the internal drive, not in the USB flash drive that you want to make into a USB boot drive).

• Check with sha256sum (or another checksum tool) that the download was good. In Linux there is the tool ‘sha256sum’. In Windows you can do it with Rufus: click on the circle with a tick mark (more about Rufus here.)

Dummy headlines

After a major remake of this help page the following headlines are kept here because they may be linked to from other web sites. Several other headlines further down in the page are also kept for this reason.

Notes about speed

Notes about size

Notes about bootability

The flash hardware

Creating a bootable Ubuntu USB flash drive from Windows

There are various methods available for Windows to create a bootable Ubuntu USB flash drive.

NEVER try to use one of your hard disk drives or partitions in this process unless you really know what you are doing, as data will get erased.

Rufus

Rufus is the tool in Windows that is recommended officially by Ubuntu. A tutorial is available from here.

Download Rufus.

balenaEtcher

Download balenaEtcher

Pendrivelinux’s Universal USB Installer

Download Universal USB Installer

UNetbootin

Download UNetbootin

Win32 Disk Imager

Download Win32 Disk Imager

Creating a bootable Ubuntu USB flash drive from Ubuntu

Install and run Startup Disk Creator alias usb-creator

• The Ubuntu Startup Disk Creator is dedicated to creating USB boot drives for Ubuntu and Ubuntu family flavours (Kubuntu, Lubuntu … Xubuntu).

• Use another tool (e.g. ‘UNetbootin’ or ‘mkusb’), if you want to create a USB boot drive with another Linux distro (alias Linux operating system).

You can find usb-creator-gtk by typing «Startup Disk Creator» (Ubuntu Desktop) or usb-creator-kde in K-Menu—>Applications—>System—>Startup Disk Creator (Kubuntu). If it is not there, then you can install it using the Ubuntu Software Center.

• Insert and mount the USB drive. Inserting the USB drive should auto-mount it.
• Start the Startup Disk Creator
• In the top pane of the Startup Disk Creator, pick the .iso file that you downloaded.
• If the .iso file isn’t listed, click «Other» to locate and select the .iso file that you downloaded.
• In the bottom pane of the Startup Disk Creator, pick the target device, the USB flash drive. If more than one choice, please check carefully, until you are sure that you will be writing to the correct device.
• After checking that you are pointing to the correct target device, the USB flash drive, you can start the action.

• You must enter a password because this is a risky operation. Use the password of the current user ID (the same as for login and running tasks with ‘sudo’. Password is not required when installing from a ‘live’ system (booted from a DVD disk or another USB flash drive).

The Startup Disk Creator clones the iso file, which means that you need neither erase nor format the target drive. It will be completely overwritten anyway by the cloning process. The Startup Disk Creator looks like this in Ubuntu 18.04 LTS:

Screenshots: Startup Disk Creator — to SSD or pendrive

Notes

• NEVER try to use one of your hard disk drives or SSDs or partitions in this process unless you really know what you are doing, as data will get erased.

• There are bugs that affect the Ubuntu Startup Disk Creator, when you run it in old Ubuntu versions in BIOS mode and try to create USB boot drives with other versions. In the Ubuntu Startup Disk Creator version 0.3.2 in Ubuntu 16.04 LTS, these bugs are no longer a problem, so you can install any version of the Ubuntu flavours from 16.04 LTS and newer versions.

UNetbootin

• Download UNetbootin

• UNetbootin works in and with most Linux distros.
• It is an extracting tool (not a cloning tool).
• It can make a persistence file up to 4GB in size to save data and defaults.

mkusb — dd image of iso file to USB device safely

• Install mkusb via PPA

• If you want to clone from a general image file to a drive, you can use mkusb. It lets you clone to any drive that is not busy, also an internal drive, and there are very obvious warnings to prevent mistakes.

• mkusb can also
  • run in Debian and many linux distros that are similar to Ubuntu and Debian,
  • clone from iso files of most Linux distros to create USB boot drives,
  • create persistent live drives of the Ubuntu family and Debian, using all available drive space for persistence and/or data storage,
  • restore a USB boot drive to a standard storage device.

Creating a bootable Ubuntu USB flash drive from Mac OSX

See How to install Ubuntu on MacBook using USB flash drive and this Ubuntu Forum thread by Quackers

UEFI

There is a good wiki page about booting with UEFI, and a good tutorial thread, UEFI Installing — Tips.

Test if running in UEFI mode

You may want to test if your Ubuntu flavour is running in [U]EFI mode. An installed system and a live system too is using the directory /sys/firmware/efi, so you can run the following command line,

test -d /sys/firmware/efi && echo efi || echo bios

The following command line is more robust and also easier to understand, so you may prefer it (if you copy & paste and are not bothered by typing a long command line),

if test -d /sys/firmware/efi; then echo efi; else echo bios; fi

Boot and install

Stable portable systems — good for USB sticks

Creating an EFI-only image

Ubuntu single boot in UEFI mode

Alternative methods

‘Do it yourself’

When the boot structure is modified in Ubuntu or the booting software, there can be problems until the extracting tools are modified to manage the modification. It is worthwhile to find a method that is as simple as possible and to learn how to use it in order to manage the extraction also when the boot structure is modified.

• For an UEFI only boot flash drive you need no installer
• Make the drive boot both in UEFI mode and BIOS mode

See this link: Installation/iso2usb#Do_it_yourself

Portable installed system booting from UEFI and BIOS

Multiboot pendrives

Booting ISO files on internal drive

Booting USB drives with grub2 and iso files ‘grub-n-iso’

Booting the Computer from USB

Remove all unneeded USB items, but keep the network cable attached.

Instead of editing BIOS settings, you can choose a boot device from the boot menu. Press the function key to enter the boot menu when your computer is booting. Typically, the boot screen displays which key you need to press. It maybe one of F12, F10, F9.

Edit the BIOS settings

Insert the bootable USB flash drive that you just created in your target computer and restart it. Most newer computers can boot from a USB flash drive. If your computer does not automatically do so, you might need to edit the BIOS settings.

Restart your computer, and watch for a message telling you which key, hotkey to press to enter the BIOS setup.

• It will usually be one of F1, F2, F9, F10, DEL, Enter or ESC.
• The hotkey should be described in the user manual provided by the manufacturer of the computer (a printed or electronic document).

• You can also search your hardware on boot-keys.org.

Press this hotkey continuously or tap repeatedly (different between computers) while your computer is booting to edit your BIOS settings. (On HP Mini Netbooks, the correct key is usually F9.)

Select ‘hard disk/USB-HDD0’

Note: with some motherboards you have to select ‘hard disk/USB-HDD0’ to choose the USB flash disk. It may work like this because the system sees the USB drive ‘a mass storage device’ as a hard disk drive, and it should be at the top of the boot order list.

So you need to edit the Boot Order. Depending on your computer, and how your USB key was formatted, you should see an entry for «removable drive» or «USB media». Move this to the top of the list to make the computer attempt to boot from the USB device before booting from the hard disk.

Chainloading

PLoP Boot Manager

• For old computers that cannot boot from USB

Flow chart for trouble-shooting

• See this link: Why Doesn’t a Bootable USB Boot

Known Issues

• There are problems with the versions of the Startup Disk Creator alias usb-creator in versions of Ubuntu older than 16.04 LTS. There are similar problems with old versions of Unetbootin. Until these problems are solved other tools work, for example mkusb and Win32DiskImager described in the following links, https://help.ubuntu.com/community/mkusb and https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Win32DiskImager/iso2usb

• The version 0.3.2 (and newer versions) of the Startup Disk Creator alias usb-creator in Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (and newer versions) clones the iso file and creates a read-only file system. This method is very robust, but if you want to re-use the USB stick as a storage drive, you must restore it. Two methods are described in the next paragraph.

Postrequisites — restore the USB stick

‘Postrequisites’ — after installation: how to restore the USB stick to a standard storage drive. The standard is an MSDOS partition table (MBR) and a partition with the FAT32 file system.

gparted

Disks

mkusb

See also

• FromUSBStickQuick for beginners starting from Windows

• USB Installation Media: custom, manual, older versions, and technical instructions and troubleshooting. There are also network installation options available.

• Why Doesn’t a Bootable USB Boot: flowchart and lists of possible causes to help troubleshooting

• MinimalCD alias mini.iso

• booting with grub2

• booting with UEFI

• Ubuntu Forums tutorial «Howto make USB boot drives»

• Ubuntu Forums tutorial «Howto help USB boot drives»

• Ubuntu Forums tutorial «How to create an external USB bootable Linux hard drive (without dual-boot)»

• Unetbootin for Linux, Windows, Mac OS X

• Paul Sutton’s Unetbootin how to

• Rufus — Create bootable USB drives the easy way (from Windows)

• Pendrivelinux about Multisystem

• Pendrivelinux about grub2

• YUMI – Multiboot USB Creator

• Choosing between Live USB and Full USB Installation

• Try Ubuntu (Kubuntu, Lubuntu, Xubuntu, …) before installing it

• LiveCD/Persistence

• Dual Boot with Windows

• Discussion about tools to create USB boot drives at the Ubuntu Forums «http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2291946»

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